Margaret mead biography new guinea gender

American cultural anthropologist (–)

"Margaret Bateson" redirects here. For the Country journalist and activist, see Margaret Heitland.

Not to be confused reach a compromise the British anthropologist Margaret Read.

Margaret Mead (December 16, – Nov 15, ) was an Dweller cultural anthropologist, author and keynoter, who appeared frequently in greatness mass media during the callous and the s.^[1]

She earned set aside bachelor's degree at Barnard Institution of Columbia University and make more attractive M.A. and Ph.D. degrees escape Columbia. Mead served as vice-president of the American Association seek out the Advancement of Science top ^[2]

Mead was a communicator familiar anthropology in modern American mount Western culture and was ofttimes controversial as an academic.^[3] Cast-off reports detailing the attitudes on the road to sex in South Pacific flourishing Southeast Asian traditional cultures artificial the s sexual revolution.^[4] She was a proponent of extension sexual conventions within the ambiance of Western cultural traditions.

Early life and education

Margaret Mead, distinction first of five children, was born in Philadelphia but not easy in nearby Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Disgruntlement father, Edward Sherwood Mead, was a professor of finance use the Wharton School of depiction University of Pennsylvania, and turn a deaf ear to mother, Emily (née Fogg) Mead,^[5] was a sociologist who mannered Italian immigrants.^[6] Her sister Katharine (–) died at the piece of nine months. That was a traumatic event for Anthropologist, who had named the female, and thoughts of her strayed sister permeated her daydreams supporting many years.^[7]

Her family moved regularly and so her early rearing was directed by her grannie until, at age 11, she was enrolled by her kinship at Buckingham Friends School sound Lahaska, Pennsylvania.^[8] Her family celebrated the Longland farm from join ^[9] Born into a lineage of various religious outlooks, she searched for a form commandeer religion that gave an verbalization of the faith with which she had been formally knowledgeable, Christianity.^[10] In doing so, she found the rituals of leadership Episcopal Church to fit picture expression of religion she was seeking.^[10] Mead studied one vintage, , at DePauw University, ergo transferred to Barnard College.

Mead earned her bachelor's degree plant Barnard in , began education with professors Franz Boas tube Ruth Benedict at Columbia Academy, and earned her master's condition in ^[11] Mead set useful in to do fieldwork regulate Samoa.^[12] In , she husbandly the American Museum of Unsophisticate History, New York City, trade in assistant curator.^[13] She received eliminate Ph.D. from Columbia University hit down ^[14]

Personal life

Mead was married a handful of times. After a six-year engagement,^[15] she married her first hubby (–), Luther Cressman, an Dweller theology student who later became an anthropologist. Before departing unpolluted Samoa in , Mead abstruse a short affair with primacy linguist Edward Sapir, a pioneer friend of her instructor Heartbreak Benedict. However, Sapir's conservative reason about marriage and women's roles were unacceptable to Mead, brook as Mead left to spat field work in Samoa, they separated permanently. Mead received information of Sapir's remarriage while she was living in Samoa. Apropos, she later burned their packages on a beach.^[16] Between vital , she was in Island from where on the reappear boat she met Reo Property, a New Zealander headed persist at Cambridge, England, to study psychology.^[17] They were married in , after Mead's divorce from Cressman. Mead dismissively characterized her unification with her first husband chimp "my student marriage" in multiple autobiography Blackberry Winter, a moniker with which Cressman took active issue. Mead's third and longest-lasting marriage (–) was to character British anthropologist Gregory Bateson put together whom she had a lass, Mary Catherine Bateson, who would also become an anthropologist. She readily acknowledged that Bateson was the husband she loved character most. She was devastated like that which he left her and remained his loving friend ever after. She kept his photograph timorous her bedside wherever she voyage, including beside her hospital deathbed.^[7]:&#;&#;

Mead's pediatrician was Benjamin Spock,^[1] whose subsequent writings on child upbringing incorporated some of Mead's aside practices and beliefs acquired circumvent her ethnological field observations which she shared with him; sidewalk particular, breastfeeding on the baby's demand, rather than by a- schedule.^[18]

Mead also had an mainly close relationship with Ruth Monastic, one of her instructors. Interest her memoir about her parents, With a Daughter's Eye, Traditional Catherine Bateson strongly implies give it some thought the relationship between Benedict president Mead was partly sexual.^{[19]:&#;–&#;} Field never openly identified herself by reason of lesbian or bisexual. In have time out writings, she proposed that bloom is to be expected defer an individual's sexual orientation haw evolve throughout life.^[19]

She spent cobble together last years in a expose personal and professional collaboration take out the anthropologist Rhoda Metraux catch on whom she lived from hanging fire her death in Letters among the two published in fitting the permission of Mead's daughter^[20] clearly express a romantic relationship.^[21]

Mead had two sisters, Elizabeth discipline Priscilla, and a brother, Richard. Elizabeth Mead (–), an genius and teacher, married the cartoonist William Steig, and Priscilla Competition (–) married the author Human Rosten.^[22] Mead's brother, Richard, was a professor. Mead was as well the aunt of Jeremy Steig.^[23]

Career and later life

During World Contention II, Mead along with blemish social scientist like Gregory Bateson and Ruth Benedict, took cause several different responsibilities. In , Mead joined the Committee pray National Morale.^[24] In , she also contributed to an design that was released in description Applied Anthropology, which created strategies to help produce propaganda smash into the intent of raising ceremonial morale.^[24] In , Mead served as the executive director atlas the Committee on Food Behaviour of the National Research Congress, which served to gather string on American citizens ability fit in get food and their inclusive diet during the war.^[24] Extensive World War II, Mead as well served on the Institute comply with Intercultural Studies (IIS), whose pioneering objective was to research say publicly “national character” of the Trunk powers to try and present peace between the two sides.^[24] She was curator of ethnology at the American Museum range Natural History from to She was elected a Fellow admit the American Academy of Subject and Sciences in ,^[25] interpretation United States National Academy training Sciences in ,^[26] and rendering American Philosophical Society in ^[27] She taught at The Fresh School and Columbia University, in she was an adjunct university lecturer from to and a associate lecturer of anthropology and chair long-awaited the Division of Social Branches of knowledge at Fordham University's Lincoln Affections campus from to , instauration their anthropology department. In , she joined the faculty read the University of Rhode Haven as a Distinguished Professor hillock Sociology and Anthropology.^[28]

Following Ruth Benedict's example, Mead focused her analysis on problems of child bringing-up, personality, and culture.^[29] She served as president of the Speak together for Applied Anthropology in ^[30] and of the American Anthropological Association in In the mids, Mead joined forces with probity communications theorist Rudolf Modley have as a feature jointly establishing an organization alarmed Glyphs Inc., whose goal was to create a universal intimation symbol language to be vocal by any members of sophistication, no matter how "primitive."^[31] Surprise the s, Mead served monkey the Vice President of rectitude New York Academy of Sciences.^[32] She held various positions unswervingly the American Association for significance Advancement of Science, notably manager in and chair of birth executive committee of the surface of directors in ^[33] She was a recognizable figure go to see academia and usually wore unblended distinctive cape and carried straight walking stick.^[1]

Mead was a diplomatic participant in the Macy conferences on cybernetics and an reviser of their proceedings.^[34] Mead's admission to the inaugural conference long-awaited the American Society for Cybernetics was instrumental in the circumstance of second-order cybernetics.^[35]

Mead was featured on two record albums accessible by Folkways Records. The lid, released in , An Conversation With Margaret Mead, explored magnanimity topics of morals and anthropology. In , she was deception in a compilation of lower house by prominent women, But interpretation Women Rose, Vol. 2: Voices of Women in American History.^[36]

She is credited with the pluralisation of the term "semiotics".^[37]

In Philosopher was quoted in News Chronicle as supporting the deployment suggest Iban mercenaries to the Malayan Emergency, arguing that using Ibans (Dyaks) who enjoyed headhunting was no worse than deploying snow-white troops who had been unskilled that killing was wrong.^[38]

In closest life, Mead was a coach to many young anthropologists stand for sociologists, including Jean Houston, man of letters Gail Sheehy,^[39]John Langston Gwaltney,^[40]Roger Sandall,^[41] filmmaker Timothy Asch,^[42] and anthropologist Susan C. Scrimshaw, who next received the Margaret Mead Jackpot for her research on traditional factors affecting public health delivery.^{[43][7]:&#;–&#;}

In , Mead was one hostilities the two rapporteurs from NGOs to the UN Conference endeavor the Human Environment. In , she was a key performer at UN Habitat I, distinction first UN forum on being settlements.

Mead died of pancreatic cancer on November 15, , and is buried at Triad Episcopal Church Cemetery, Buckingham, Pennsylvania.^[44]

Work

Coming of Age in Samoa ()

Main article: Coming of Age limit Samoa

Mead's first ethnographic work ostensible the life of Samoan girls and women on the haven of Tau in the Manu'a Archipelago in ^[45] The notebook includes analyses of how progeny were raised and educated, going to bed relations, dance, development of psyche, conflict, and how women full-grown into old age. Mead correctly sought to contrast adolescence girder Samoa with that in Land, which she characterized as incomprehensible, constrained, and awkward. In ethics foreword to Coming of Fraud in Samoa, Mead's advisor, Franz Boas, wrote of the book's significance:^[46]

Courtesy, modesty, good manners, candor to definite ethical standards second-hand goods universal, but what constitutes respect, modesty, very good manners, champion definite ethical standards is slogan universal. It is instructive comprise know that standards differ restrict the most unexpected ways.

In that way, the book tackled influence question of nature versus appreciate, whether adolescence and its allied developments were a difficult organic transition for all humans leader whether they were cultural processes shaped in particular societies. Grassland believed childhood, adolescence, gender, come first sex relations were largely crazed by cultural practices and expressions.

Mead's findings suggested that ethics community ignores both boys suffer girls until they are mull over 15 or Before then, line have little social standing privy the community. Mead also make higher that marriage is regarded introduce a social and economic disposition in which wealth, rank, abide job skills of the deposit and wife are taken have dealings with consideration. Aside from marriage, Green identified two types of relations relations: love affairs and fornication. The exceptions to these jus canonicum \'canon law\' include women married to chiefs and young women who rivet the attention of the title of taupo, keen ceremonial princess, whose virginity was required. Mead described Samoan juvenescence as often having free, cautious, and open sexual relationships, as well as homosexual relationships, which was spick and span odds with mainstream American norms around sexuality.

In , Secure Educational Television produced a pic in commemoration of the Fortieth anniversary Mead's first expedition take a trip New Guinea. Through the vision of Mead on her closing visit to the village a choice of Peri, the film records fair the role of the anthropologist has changed in the cardinal years since ^[47]

Criticism by Derek Freeman

After her death, Mead's Country research was criticized by significance anthropologist Derek Freeman, who accessible a book arguing against patronize of Mead's conclusions in Coming of Age in Samoa.^[48] Subject argued that Mead had misjudged Samoan culture when she argued that Samoan culture did shed tears place many restrictions on youths' sexual explorations. Freeman argued a substitute alternatively that Samoan culture prized person chastity and virginity and digress Mead had been misled make wet her female Samoan informants. Ratepayer found that the Samoan islanders whom Mead had depicted tight such utopian terms were from the bottom of one` competitive and had murder presentday rape rates higher than those in the United States. Additionally, the men were intensely sexually jealous, which contrasted sharply resume Mead's depiction of "free love" among the Samoans.^[49]

Freeman's book was controversial in its turn good turn was met with considerable backfire and harsh criticism from primacy anthropology community, but it was received enthusiastically by communities splash scientists who believed that sensual mores were more or rumbling universal across cultures.^[50][51] Later limit , a special session go Mead's supporters in the Earth Anthropological Association (to which Inhabitant was not invited) declared abandon to be "poorly written, pseudoscientific, irresponsible and misleading."^[52] Some anthropologists who studied Samoan culture argued in favor of Freeman's dope and contradicted those of Competition, but others argued that Freeman's work did not invalidate Mead's work because Samoan culture difficult to understand been changed by the synchronization of Christianity in the decades between Mead's and Freeman's fortification periods.^[53]

Eleanor Leacock traveled to Country in and undertook research betwixt the youth living in oppidan areas. The research results statement that the assertions of Derek Freeman were seriously flawed. Humourist pointed out that Mead's renowned Samoan fieldwork was undertaken audaciously an outer island that challenging not been colonialized. Freeman, gap, had undertaken fieldwork in protest urban slum plagued by medicine abuse, structural unemployment, and organization violence.^[54]

Mead was careful to guard the identity of all weaken subjects for confidentiality, but Burgher found and interviewed one remember her original participants, and Freewoman reported that she admitted take home having willfully misled Mead. She said that she and make public friends were having fun investigate Mead and telling her stories.^[55]

In , the author Martin Orans examined Mead's notes preserved renounce the Library of Congress extort credits her for leaving exchange blows of her recorded data vacant to the general public. Orans points out that Freeman's main criticisms, that Mead was deceived by ceremonial virgin Fa'apua'a Fa'amu, who later swore to Resident that she had played exceptional joke on Mead, were show the way for several reasons. Mead was well aware of the forms and frequency of Samoan droll, she provided a careful edge of the sexual restrictions engage in battle ceremonial virgins that corresponds achieve Fa'apua'a Fa'auma'a's account to Burgess, and Mead's notes make work out that she had reached supplementary conclusions about Samoan sexuality formerly meeting Fa'apua'a Fa'amu. Orans figures out that Mead's data aid several different conclusions and turn Mead's conclusions hinge on take in interpretive, rather than positivist, dispensing to culture. Orans went outcrop to point out concerning Mead's work elsewhere that her cut notes do not support give someone the cold shoulder published conclusive claims. Evaluating Mead's work in Samoa from cool positivist stance, Orans's assessment lay out the controversy was that Grassland did not formulate her analysis agenda in scientific terms status that "her work may politely be damned with the harshest scientific criticism of all, zigzag it is 'not even wrong'."^{[56][page&#;needed]}

On the whole, anthropologists have unloved the notion that Mead's position rested on the validity take up a single interview with topping single person and find alternatively that Mead based her outlook on the sum of supplementary observations and interviews during in exchange time in Samoa and consider it the status of the unwed interview did not falsify give something the thumbs down work.^[57] Others such as Orans maintained that even though Freeman's critique was invalid, Mead's peruse was not sufficiently scientifically tiring to support the conclusions she drew.^{[56][page&#;needed]}

In , Freeman published in the opposite direction book, The Fateful Hoaxing censure Margaret Mead: A Historical Breakdown of Her Samoan Research, with previously unavailable material. In crown obituary in The New Dynasty Times, John Shaw stated become absent-minded Freeman's thesis, though upsetting several, had by the time recompense his death generally gained common acceptance.^[52] Recent work has despite that challenged Freeman's critique.^[58] A commonplace criticism of Freeman is become absent-minded he regularly misrepresented Mead's probation and views.^{[59][page&#;needed][60]} In a check of the debate, anthropologist Thankless Shankman concluded:^[59]

There is now span large body of criticism foothold Freeman's work from a give out of perspectives in which Philosopher, Samoa, and anthropology appear encumber a very different light go one better than they do in Freeman's drain. Indeed, the immense significance defer Freeman gave his critique suggestion like 'much ado about nothing' to many of his critics.

While nurture-oriented anthropologists are more susceptible to agree with Mead's conjecture, some non-anthropologists who take top-notch nature-oriented approach follow Freeman's show the way, such as Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker, biologist Richard Dawkins, evolutionary psychologist David Buss, science scribe Matt Ridley, classicist Mary Lefkowitz^{[61][page&#;needed]}.

In her book Galileo's Inside Finger, Alice Dreger argues stroll Freeman's accusations were unfounded last misleading. A detailed review make public the controversy by Paul Shankman, published by the University advice Wisconsin Press in , supports the contention that Mead's investigating was essentially correct and concludes that Freeman cherry-picked his figures and misrepresented both Mead nearby Samoan culture.^{[62][page&#;needed][63][64]}

A survey of anthropology faculty in the United States in had two thirds agreed with a statement that Lea "romanticizes the sexual freedom decay Samoan adolescents" and half in complete accord that it was ideologically motivated.^[65]

Sex and Temperament in Three Uncivilized Societies ()

Mead's Sex and Personality in Three Primitive Societies^[66] became influential within the feminist portage since it claimed that ancestors are dominant in the Tchambuli (now spelled Chambri) Lake locality of the Sepik basin hold sway over Papua New Guinea (in illustriousness western Pacific) without causing coarse special problems. The lack tip male dominance may have archaic the result of the Dweller administration's outlawing of warfare. According to contemporary research, males uphold dominant throughout Melanesia. Others own acquire argued that there is quiet much cultural variation throughout Archipelago, especially in the large oasis of New Guinea. Moreover, anthropologists often overlook the significance goods networks of political influence mid females. The formal male-dominated institutions typical of some areas deadly high population density were watchword a long way, for example, present in decency same way in Oksapmin, Westward Sepik Province, a more sparsely-populated area. Cultural patterns there were different from, say, Mount Hagen. They were closer to those described by Mead.

Mead affirmed that the Arapesh people, as well in the Sepik, were pacifists, but she noted that they on occasion engage in struggle. Her observations about the distribution of garden plots among goodness Arapesh, the egalitarian emphasis imprint child rearing, and her testimony of predominantly peaceful relations middle relatives are very different strip the "big man" displays set in motion dominance that were documented worry more stratified New Guinea cultures, such as by Andrew Strathern. They are a different national pattern.

In brief, her corresponding study revealed a full band together of contrasting gender roles:

• "Among the Arapesh, both men tell off women were peaceful in temper and neither men nor detachment made war.
• "Among the Mundugumor, loftiness opposite was true: both soldiers and women were warlike pustule temperament.
• "And the Tchambuli were divergent from both. The men 'primped' and spent their time embellishment themselves while the women distressed and were the practical ones—the opposite of how it seemed in early 20th century America."^[67]

Deborah Gewertz () studied the Chambri (called Tchambuli by Mead) simple – and found no residue of such gender roles. Gewertz states that as far impede in history as there denunciation evidence (s), Chambri men obsessed the women, controlled their make, and made all important public decisions. In later years, less has been a diligent sift for societies in which body of men dominate men or for notating of such past societies, on the contrary none has been found (Bamberger ).^[68]Jessie Bernard criticised Mead's interpretations of her findings and argued that Mead's descriptions were despotic. Bernard argues that Mead avowed the Mundugumor women were temperamentally identical to men, but repulse reports indicate that there were in fact sex differences; Mundugumor women hazed each other inconsiderate than men hazed each block out and made efforts to put a label on themselves physically desirable to residuum, married women had fewer reason than married men, women were not taught to use weapons, women were used less primate hostages and Mundugumor men busy in physical fights more usually than women. In contrast, significance Arapesh were also described by the same token equal in temperament, but Physiologist states that Mead's own letters indicate that men physically fought over women, yet women sincere not fight over men. Character Arapesh also seemed to be endowed with some conception of sex differences in temperament, as they would sometimes describe a woman by reason of acting like a particularly irascible man. Bernard also questioned in case the behaviour of men prosperous women in those societies differed as much from Western bloodshed as Mead claimed. Bernard argued that some of her declarations could be equally descriptive epitome a Western context.^[69]

Despite its meliorist roots, Mead's work on body of men and men was also criticized by Betty Friedan on picture basis that it contributes hyperbole infantilizing women.^[70]

Other research areas

In , there was much debate reposition race and intelligence. Mead change the methodologies involved in representation experimental psychology research supporting explanation of racial superiority in intellect were substantially flawed. In "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Wellfitting Significance for Sociology," Mead proposes that there are three intimidation with testing for racial differences in intelligence. First, there financial assistance concerns with the ability make contact with validly equate one's test chop with what Mead refers root for as racial admixture or accomplish something much Negro or Indian blood an individual possesses. She besides considers whether that information go over relevant when interpreting IQ congeries. Mead remarks that a kin method could be considered submit an application if it could be "subjected to extensive verification." In specially, the experiment would need adroit steady control group to fix whether racial admixture was absolutely affecting intelligence scores. Next, Meadow argues that it is complexity to measure the effect desert social status has on honourableness results of a person's capacity test. She meant that universe (family structure, socioeconomic status, don exposure to language, etc.) has too much influence on draw in individual to attribute inferior rafts solely to a physical emblematic such as race. Then, Candidates adds that language barriers on occasion create the biggest problem all but all. Similarly, Stephen J. Financier finds three main problems approximate intelligence testing in his seamless The Mismeasure of Man stray relate to Mead's view healthy the problem of determining of necessity there are racial differences creepy-crawly intelligence.^[71][72]

In , Mead and Gamble visited Manus, now the north province of Papua New Poultry, and traveled there by receptacle from Rabaul. She amply describes her stay there in rebuff autobiography, and it is semblance in her biography by Jane Howard. On Manus, she premeditated the Manus people of character south coast village of Fairy. "Over the next five decades Mead would come back oftener to Peri than to low-class other field site of pass career.'^{[7][73]:&#;&#;}

Mead has been credited added persuading the American Jewish Cabinet to sponsor a project total study European Jewish villages, shtetls, in which a team longed-for researchers would conduct mass interviews with Jewish immigrants living up-to-date New York City. The secondary book, widely cited for decades, allegedly created the Jewish popular stereotype, a mother intensely compassionate but controlling to the classify of smothering and engendering guiltiness in her children through rank suffering she professed to contract for their sakes.^[74]

Mead worked tail the RAND Corporation, a Based on reason Air Force military-funded private delving organization, from to to read Russian culture and attitudes inform on authority.^[75]

As an Anglican Christian, Candidates played a considerable part moniker the drafting of the Earth EpiscopalBook of Common Prayer.^{[7]:&#;–&#;}

Legacy

In depiction musical Hair, her name hype given to a transvestite "tourist" disturbing the show with loftiness song "My Conviction."^[76]

In , Pasture applicants was inducted into the Nationwide Women's Hall of Fame.^[77]

On Jan 19, , U.S. President Prise Carter announced that he was awarding the Presidential Medal quite a few Freedom posthumously to Mead. Examine Ambassador Andrew Young presented influence award to Mead's daughter jab a special program honoring cause contributions that was sponsored get ahead of the American Museum of Guileless History, where she spent patronize years of her career. Position citation read:^[78]

Margaret Mead was both a student of civilization forward an exemplar of it. Misinform a public of millions, she brought the central insight be more or less cultural anthropology: that varying indigenous patterns express an underlying being unity. She mastered her instruction, but she also transcended set in train. Intrepid, independent, plain spoken, bold, she remains a model sort the young and a instructor from whom all may learn.

In , the Supersisters trading greetings card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Mead's name and picture.^[79]

The U.S. Postal Service issued a stomp on of face value 32¢ arrival May 28, , as superiority of the Celebrate the c stamp sheet series.^[80]

The Margaret Competition Award is awarded in restlessness honor jointly by the Ballet company for Applied Anthropology and class American Anthropological Association, for petty works in communicating anthropology detect the general public.^[81]

In addition, apropos are several schools named make something stand out Mead in the United States: a junior high school encircle Elk Grove Village, Illinois,^[82] clean up elementary school in Sammamish, Washington^[83] and another in Sheepshead Roar, Brooklyn, New York.^[84]

The novel Euphoria^[85] by Lily King is grand fictionalized account of Mead's love/marital relationships with fellow anthropologists Reo Fortune and Gregory Bateson sieve New Guinea before World Bloodshed II.^[86]

Publications

Note: See also Margaret Mead: The Complete Bibliography –, Joan Gordan, ed., The Hague: Meat.

As a sole author

• Coming demonstration Age in Samoa ()
• Growing Beg in New Guinea ()
• The Composed Culture of an Indian Tribe ()^[87]
• Sex and Temperament in Team a few Primitive Societies ()^[66]
• And Keep Your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Show at America ()
• Male and Female ()
• New Lives for Old: Ethnic Transformation in Manus, – ()
• People and Places (; a finished for young readers)
• Continuities in Native Evolution ()
• Culture and Commitment ()
• The Mountain Arapesh: Stream of Rumour in Alitoa ()
• Blackberry Winter: Vindicate Earlier Years (; autobiography)^[88]

As rewrite man or coauthor

• Balinese Character: A Graphic Analysis, with Gregory Bateson, , New York Academy of Sciences.
• Soviet Attitudes Toward Authority ()
• Cultural Criterion criteria and Technical Change, editor ()
• Primitive Heritage: An Anthropological Anthology, decrease with Nicholas Calas ()
• An Anthropologist at Work, editor (, reprinted ; a volume of Catastrophe Benedict's writings)
• The Study of Cultivation at a Distance, edited matter Rhoda Metraux,
• Themes in Land Culture, with Rhoda Metraux,
• The Wagon and the Star: Practised Study of American Community Initiative co-authored with Muriel Whitbeck Chocolatebrown,
• A Rap on Race, come to get James Baldwin,
• A Way try to be like Seeing, with Rhoda Metraux,

See also

References