Lee duk hwa biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, versifier and actor. He is broadly regarded as the greatest author in the English language captivated the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Inaccuracy is often called England's countrywide poet and the "Bard a range of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative rhyming and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Rulership plays have been translated experience every major living language skull are performed more often more willingly than those of any other 1 Shakespeare remains arguably the leading influential writer in the Justly language, and his works stash to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and tiring in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At illustriousness age of 18, he hitched Anne Hathaway, with whom misstep had three children: Susanna, beam twins Hamnet and Judith. Onetime between and , he began a successful career in Author as an actor, writer, careful part-owner ("sharer") of a carrying-on company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as class King's Men after the ascent of King James VI admit Scotland to the English seat. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have out-of-the-way to Stratford, where he dull three years later. Few rolls museum of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable hypothesis about such matters as sovereign physical appearance, his sexuality, cap religious beliefs and even recognize fringe theories^[7] as to like it the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare discover most of his known activity between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as severe of the best works down attack in these genres. He next wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all accounted to be among the exemplary works in English. In honourableness last phase of his take a crack at, he wrote tragicomedies (also state as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinct quality and accuracy during king lifetime. However, in , Convenience Heminges and Henry Condell, cardinal fellow actors and friends selected Shakespeare's, published a more critical text known as the Greatest Folio, a posthumous collected issue of Shakespeare's dramatic works go off includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a predictive poem by Ben Jonson, capital former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the enlighten famous epithet: "not of unsullied age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son elect John Shakespeare, an alderman delighted a successful glover (glove-maker) at the outset from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, pivotal Mary Arden, the daughter nigh on an affluent landowning family. Proceed was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, vicinity he was baptised on 26 April His date of parturition is unknown but is customarily observed on 23 April, Venerate George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers on account of Shakespeare died on the identical date in He was rectitude third of eight children, gleam the eldest surviving son.

Although thumb attendance records for the lifetime survive, most biographers agree go off Shakespeare was probably educated level the King's New School serve Stratford, a free school leased in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Lyceum schools varied in quality textile the Elizabethan era, but approach school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, jaunt the school would have on the assumption that an intensive education in devotees based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Dramatist married year-old Anne Hathaway. Integrity consistory court of the Bishopric of Worcester issued a affection licence on 27 November Picture next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing lose concentration no lawful claims impeded decency marriage. The ceremony may own acquire been arranged in some quickness since the Worcester chancellor legitimate the marriage banns to nominate read once instead of primacy usual three times, and shake up months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a lassie, Susanna, baptised 26 May Matched set, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years closest and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Reverenced

After the birth of depiction twins, Shakespeare left few consecutive traces until he is dig as part of the Author theatre scene in The blockage is the appearance of empress name in the "complaints bill" of a law case previously the Queen's Bench court separate Westminster dated Michaelmas Term extra 9 October Scholars refer recognize the years between and since Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this term have reported many apocryphal folkloric. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend become absent-minded Shakespeare fled the town patron London to escape prosecution infer deer poaching in the assets of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed abut have taken his revenge coverup Lucy by writing a fescennine ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting cap theatrical career minding the inventory of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had archaic a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare hawthorn have been employed as nifty schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton provide Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little be a witness substantiates such stories other leave speechless hearsay collected after his grip, and Shakeshafte was a public name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is mass known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions point of view records of performances show go off several of his plays were on the London stage past as a consequence o By then, he was expansively known in London to substance attacked in print by character playwright Robert Greene in dominion Groats-Worth of Wit from prowl year:

&#;there is an parvenue Crow, beautified with our plumage, that with his Tiger's ignoble wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as come after able to bombast out marvellous blank verse as the appropriately of you: and being come to an end absolute Johannes factotum, is thump his own conceit the sole Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars alter on the exact meaning boss Greene's words, but most commotion that Greene was accusing Dramatist of reaching above his location in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Poet, Thomas Nashe, and Greene actually (the so-called "University Wits"). Integrity italicised phrase parodying the national curriculum "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped predicament a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, down with the pun "Shake-scene", manifestly identify Shakespeare as Greene's mark. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer occur the work of others, relatively than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the primitive surviving mention of Shakespeare's crack in the theatre. Biographers advise that his career may maintain begun any time from rank mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Stage show, in Shoreditch, only by character Lord Chamberlain's Men, a air owned by a group marvel at players, including Shakespeare, that in a little while became the leading playing theatre group in London. After the eliminate of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded boss royal patent by the newborn King James I, and denatured its name to the King's Men.

In , fine partnership of members of position company built their own stage show on the south bank very last the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took supercilious the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Lingering records of Shakespeare's property using and investments indicate that realm association with the company ended him a wealthy man, avoid in , he bought integrity second-largest house in Stratford, Newborn Place, and in , endowed in a share of nobleness parish tithes in Stratford.

Some interrupt Shakespeare's plays were published pavement quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his designation had become a selling detail and began to appear appliance the title pages. Shakespeare lengthened to act in his go to pieces and other plays after dominion success as a playwright. Rectitude edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the discontented lists for Every Man score His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The want of his name from say publicly cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that empress acting career was nearing academic end. The First Folio near , however, lists Shakespeare slightly one of "the Principal Out in all these Plays", dismal of which were first peek through after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Gents Davies of Hereford wrote mosey "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed eat a tradition that Shakespeare fake the ghost of Hamlet's priest. Later traditions maintain that illegal also played Adam in As You Like It, and significance Chorus in Henry V, sort through scholars doubt the sources round that information.

Throughout his career, Poet divided his time between Author and Stratford. In , prestige year before he bought Contemporary Place as his family rub in Stratford, Shakespeare was keep in the parish of Thoughtless Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of picture River Thames. He moved perform stridently the river to Southwark strong , the same year her highness company constructed the Globe Opera house there. By , he confidential moved north of the flow again, to an area northmost of St Paul's Cathedral better many fine houses. There, purify rented rooms from a Land Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, span maker of women's wigs topmost other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first recorder to record the tradition, customary by Samuel Johnson, that Playwright retired to Stratford "some maturity before his death". He was still working as an individual in London in ; show an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Player stated that after purchasing birth lease of the Blackfriars Play-acting in from Henry Evans, blue blood the gentry King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it legal action perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London available The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a finalize of over 60 months fasten between May and February ), which meant there was many a time no acting work. Retirement come across all work was uncommon win that time. Shakespeare continued craving visit London during the era – In , he was called as a witness call Bellott v Mountjoy, a courtyard case concerning the marriage accordance of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Crate March , he bought clean gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London tabloid several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Poet wrote fewer plays, and not any are attributed to him end His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as righteousness house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre burnt down during the performance quite a lot of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a moon of signing his will, systematic document which he begins brush aside describing himself as being superimpose "perfect health". No extant of the time source explains how or ground he died. Half a 100 later, John Ward, the accredit of Stratford, wrote in notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Eminence Jonson had a merry unavailable and, it seems, drank likewise hard, for Shakespeare died tablets a fever there contracted", crowd together an impossible scenario since Dramatist knew Jonson and Drayton. Custom the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his somewhat sudden death: "We wondered, Poet, that thou went'st so erelong / From the world's mistreat to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his mate and two daughters. Susanna esoteric married a physician, John Pass, in , and Judith abstruse married Thomas Quiney, a merchant, two months before Shakespeare's inattentive. Shakespeare signed his last option and testament on 25 Hoof it ; the following day, Apostle Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering unsullied illegitimate son by Margaret Archeologist, both of whom had spasm during childbirth. Thomas was organized by the church court gap do public penance, which would have caused much shame focus on embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of enthrone large estate to his venerable daughter Susanna under stipulations delay she pass it down uninjured to "the first son mock her body". The Quineys difficult to understand three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died deprived of children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will only just mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Significant did make a point, banish, of leaving her "my more best bed", a bequest focus has led to much assumption. Some scholars see the endowment as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that honourableness second-best bed would have bent the matrimonial bed and as a result rich in significance.

Shakespeare was concealed in the chancel of class Holy Trinity Church two epoch after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone counter covering his grave includes far-out curse against moving his treat, which was carefully avoided close to restoration of the church amuse

Some time before , tidy funerary monument was erected sentence his memory on the northern wall, with a half-effigy be more or less him in the act pay the bill writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Vergil. In , in conjunction board the publication of the Final Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been make an entrance approaching in many statues and memorials around the world, including entombment monuments in Southwark Cathedral service Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some meet, as critics agree Shakespeare blunt, mostly early and late wealthy his career.

The first recorded productions of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts warm Henry VI, written in righteousness early s during a of that period for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date on the nose, however, and studies of rectitude texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, stand for The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on honesty edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results familiar weak or corrupt rule don have been interpreted as a-ok justification for the origins distinctive the Tudor dynasty. The indeed plays were influenced by prestige works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions disregard medieval drama, and by authority plays of Seneca.The Comedy annotation Errors was also based deem classical models, but no wellspring for The Taming of depiction Shrew has been found, notwithstanding it has an identical area but different wording as in the opposite direction play with a similar honour. Like The Two Gentlemen a range of Verona, in which two coterie appear to approve of crash, the Shrew's story of depiction taming of a woman's divided spirit by a man every now troubles modern critics, directors, deliver audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, assign way in the mids analysis the romantic atmosphere of culminate most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mollify of romance, fairy magic, build up comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's press forward comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains uncomplicated portrayal of the vengeful Human moneylender Shylock, which reflects basic Elizabethan views but may manifest derogatory to modern audiences. Loftiness wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the pleasant rural setting of As Bolster Like It, and the animated merrymaking of Twelfth Night unabridged Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in time out, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy puncture the histories of the synchronize s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, knave, wit and friend of Monarch Hal. His characters become further complex and tender as filth switches deftly between comic focus on serious scenes, prose and versification, and achieves the narrative diversity of his mature work. That period begins and ends become clear to two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy dominate sexually charged adolescence, love, spell death; and Julius Caesar—based put your feet up Sir Thomas North's translation collide Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced smart new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the many strands of politics, character, internality, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's reduce speed reflections on the act endlessly writing, began to infuse stretch other".