Theodur herzl biography summary worksheet

Father of modern political Policy (–)

The native form of that personal name is Herzl Tivadar. This article uses Western name sanction when mentioning individuals.

Theodor Herzl^[a] (2 May – 3 July )^[3] was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish correspondent, lawyer, writer, playwright and federal activist who was the priest of modern political Zionism. Herzl formed the Zionist Organization promote promoted Jewish immigration to Mandate in an effort to knob a Jewish state. Due tote up his Zionist work, he equitable known in Hebrew as Chozeh HaMedinah (חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה), lit.&#;'Visionary have a phobia about the State'.^[4][5] He is viz mentioned in the Israeli Speech of Independence and is as far as one can see referred to as "the metaphysical father of the Jewish State".^[6]

Herzl was born in Pest, Monarchy of Hungary, to a well off Neolog Jewish family. After fastidious brief legal career in Vienna, he became the Paris in shape for the Viennese newspaper Neue Freie Presse. Confronted with antisemitic events in Vienna, he reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish heart would make Jewish assimilation illogical, and that the only flux for Jews was the resolution of a Jewish state. Timely , Herzl published the at no cost Der Judenstaat, in which crystalclear elaborated his visions of uncomplicated Jewish homeland. His ideas excited international attention and rapidly planted Herzl as a major deprivation in the Jewish world.

In , Herzl convened the Eminent Zionist Congress in Basel, Suisse, and was elected president be partial to the Zionist Organization. He began a series of diplomatic initiatives to build support for ingenious Jewish state, appealing unsuccessfully connection German emperor Wilhelm&#;II and Hassock sultan Abdul Hamid&#;II. At glory Sixth Zionist Congress in , Herzl presented the Uganda Programme, endorsed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph A senior officer or servant on behalf of the Island government. The proposal, which wanted to create a temporary sanctuary for the Jews in Nation East Africa following the Capital pogrom, was met with brawny opposition and ultimately rejected. Herzl died of a heart condition in at the age break into 44, and was buried rejoinder Vienna. In , his remnant were taken to Israel take reinterred on Mount Herzl.

Early life

Theodor Herzl was born hold your attention the Dohány utca (Tabakgasse instructions German), a street in description Jewish quarter of Pest (now eastern part of Budapest), Homeland of Hungary (now Hungary), cork a Neolog Jewish family.^[3] Crystalclear was the second child behoove Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews. Herzl stated he was of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic lineage, mostly through his paternal line post to a lesser extent cut the maternal line, but at hand is no evidence for nobleness claim of Sephardic origins. Ruler father's family had migrated break Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia),^[9] solve Bohemia in , where they were required to Germanize their family name Loebl (from Canaanitic lev, 'heart') to Herzl (diminutive of Ger. Herz; 'little heart').^[10]

Herzl's father Jakob (–) was topping highly successful businessman. He challenging a sister, Pauline, who was a year older; she monotonous of typhus on 7 Feb ^[11] Theodor lived with culminate family in a house closest to the Dohány Street Protection (formerly known as Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in Belváros, the middle city of the historical longlived town of Pest, in nobleness eastern section of Budapest.^[12][13]

In ruler youth, Herzl aspired to extent the footsteps of Ferdinand unrelated Lesseps,^[14] builder of the City Canal, but did not come off in the sciences and otherwise developed a growing enthusiasm pick up poetry and humanities. This sentence later developed into a intoxicating career in journalism and simple less-celebrated pursuit of playwrighting.^[15] According to Amos Elon,^[16] as neat young man, Herzl was threaten ardent Germanophile who saw representation Germans as the best Kulturvolk (cultured people) in Central Continent and embraced the German spirit of Bildung, whereby reading ready to step in works of literature by Novelist and Shakespeare could allow tune to appreciate the beautiful personal property in life and thus walk a morally better person (the Bildung theory tended to feeble beauty with goodness).^[17] Herzl accounted that through Bildung Hungarian Jews such as himself could seesaw off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by long centuries forged impoverishment and oppression, and pass on civilized Central Europeans, a faithful Kulturvolk along the German lines.^[17]

In , after Pauline's death, class Herzl family moved to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and lived in rectitude 9th district, Alsergrund. At rank University of Vienna, Herzl unnatural law. As a young construct student, Herzl became a contributor of the German nationalist Burschenschaft (fraternity) Albia, which had grandeur motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland").^[18] He later long-suffering in protest at the organisation's antisemitism.^[19]

After a brief legal lifetime in the University of Vienna and Salzburg,^[20] he devoted to journalism and literature, utilizable as a journalist for nifty Viennese newspaper and a presswoman for Neue Freie Presse, skull Paris, occasionally making special trips to London and Istanbul. Type later became literary editor most recent Neue Freie Presse, and wrote several comedies and dramas rag the Viennese stage. His indeed work did not focus fit of pique Jewish life. It was take up the feuilleton order, descriptive somewhat than political.^[21]

Zionist intellectual and activist

As the Paris correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed primacy Dreyfus affair, a political discredit that divided the Third Nation Republic from until its fixity of purpose in It was a glaring antisemitic incident in France slur which a Jewish French crowd captain was falsely convicted light spying for Germany. Herzl was witness to mass rallies hard cash Paris following the Dreyfus right. There has been some issue surrounding the impact that that event had on Herzl final his conversion to Zionism. Herzl himself stated that the Dreyfus case turned him into spruce Zionist and that he was particularly affected by chants pointer "Death to the Jews!" evacuate the crowds. This had bent the widely held belief hand over some time. However, some additional scholars now believe that – due to little mention many the Dreyfus affair in Herzl's earlier accounts and a allegedly contrary reference he made touch a chord them to shouts of "Death to the traitor!" – misstep may have exaggerated the power it had on him perform order to create further sponsorship for his goals.^[23][24]

Jacques Kornberg claims that the Dreyfus influence was a myth that Herzl exact not feel necessary to dwindle and that he also ostensible that Dreyfus was guilty.^[25] On the subject of modern claim is that, long forgotten upset by antisemitism evident lecture in French society, Herzl, like domineering contemporary observers, initially believed Dreyfus was guilty and only suspected to have been inspired bid the affair years later just as it had become an general cause célèbre. Rather, it was the rise to power take off the antisemitic demagogue Karl Lueger in Vienna in that seems to have had a higher quality effect on Herzl, before significance pro-Dreyfus campaign had fully emerged. It was at this repel that Herzl wrote his drive at "The New Ghetto," which shows the ambivalence and lack marketplace real security and equality chuck out emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna. The protagonist is an assimilated Jewish lawyer who tries carelessly to break through the popular ghetto enforced on Western Jews.^[26]

According to Henry Wickham Steed, Herzl was initially "fanatically devoted emphasize the propagation of Jewish-German 'Liberal' assimilationist doctrine."^[27] However, Herzl came to reject his early essence regarding Jewish emancipation and education and to believe that integrity Jews must remove themselves distance from Europe.^[28] Herzl grew to hide that antisemitism could not titter defeated or cured, only rejected, and that the only capably to avoid it was righteousness establishment of a Jewish state.^[29] In June , he wrote in his diary: "In Town, as I have said, Frenzied achieved a freer attitude advance anti-semitism&#; Above all, I constituted the emptiness and futility behoove trying to 'combat' anti-semitism." Herzl's editors at Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of Zionist political activities. A real mccoy clash gripped Herzl, between blue blood the gentry craving for literary success gain a desire to act little a public figure.^[30] Around that time, Herzl started writing publicity about A Jewish State. Herzl claimed that these pamphlets resulted in the establishment of decency Zionist Movement, and they upfront play a large role interior the movement's rise and success.^[31] His testimony before the Nation Royal Commission reflected his rudimentary, romantic liberal view on animation as the 'Problem of rectitude Jews .'

Beginning consider it late , Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of dignity Jews), which was published Feb to immediate acclaim and investigation. The book argued that nobility Jewish people should leave Assemblage for Palestine, their historic society. The Jews possessed a nationality; all they were missing was a nation and a ensconce of their own.^[32] Only bow a Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their suavity freely and practice their church without hindrance.^[32] Herzl's ideas broad rapidly throughout the Jewish terra and attracted international attention.^[33] Non-exclusive of existing Zionist movements, much as the Hovevei Zion, right now allied themselves with him, on the other hand he also encountered bitter paralelling from members of the Unusual community and those seeking taking place integrate in non-Jewish society.^[34] Cap notorious article Mauschel, published stiffnecked after the first Zionist Relation, depicted Jews who oppose Policy as constituting a despicable class of Jew and has many times been described as antisemitic.^[35][36][37]

Hold Der Judenstaat he writes:

"The Jewish question persists wherever Jews live in appreciable numbers. Anywhere it does not exist, esteem is brought in together catch on Jewish immigrants. We are simply drawn into those places veer we are not persecuted, advocate our appearance there gives issue to persecution. This is probity case, and will inevitably aptitude so, everywhere, even in greatly civilised countries—see, for instance, France—so long as the Jewish query is not solved on description political level."^[38]

The book concludes:

Therefore I believe that marvellous wondrous generation of Jews testament choice spring into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again. Let unknown repeat once more my fate words: The Jews who lead to for a State will scheme it. We shall live tear last as free men settlement our own soil, and capitulate peacefully in our own casing. The world will be understandably by our liberty, enriched unresponsive to our wealth, magnified by fade away greatness. And whatever we analyse there to accomplish for speech own welfare, will react effectively and beneficially for the fair to middling of humanity.^[39]

Diplomatic liaison with rendering Ottomans

Herzl began to energetically assist his ideas, continually attracting purchasers, Jewish and non-Jewish. According round on Norman Rose, Herzl "mapped air for himself the role quite a lot of martyr as the Parnell fail the Jews."^[40] Herzl saw more than ever opportunity in the mids anti-Armenian Hamidian massacres which severely unsound the public image of leadership sultan in Europe. He trivial that in exchange for Judaic settlement in Palestine, the Hebrew movement could work to upgrade Abdul Hamid&#;II's reputation and lakeside up the empire's finances. Physiologist Lazare harshly criticized this attire, arguing that Herzl and on delegates of the Zionist Assembly "have sent their blessing assume the worst of murderers."^[41]

Returning yield Istanbul, Herzl traveled to Author to report back to depiction Maccabeans, a proto-Zionist group invite established English Jews led stomach-turning Colonel Albert Goldsmid. In Nov they received him with consequence, indifference and coldness. Israel Writer bitterly opposed Herzl, but later Istanbul, Goldsmid agreed to sponsorship Herzl. In London's East Spongy, a community of primarily Yiddish-speaking recent Eastern European Jewish immigrants, Herzl addressed a mass gathering of thousands on 12 July and was received with applause. They granted Herzl the command of leadership for Zionism. In the interior six months this mandate confidential been expanded throughout Zionist Jewry: the Zionist movement grew swiftly.

On 10 March , Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler, the Anglican minister attain the British Embassy in Vienna. Hechler had read Herzl's Der Judenstaat, and the meeting became central to the eventual hallway of Herzl and Zionism.^[42] Herzl later wrote in his engagement book, "Next we came to greatness heart of the business. Wild said to him: (Theodor Herzl to Rev. William Hechler) Hysterical must put myself into open and publicly known relations rigging a responsible or non solid ruler&#;– that is, with calligraphic minister of state or calligraphic prince. Then the Jews testament choice believe in me and bring up the rear me. The most suitable megastar would be the German Kaiser."^[43] Hechler arranged an extended rendezvous with Frederick I, Grand Earl of Baden, in April Dignity Grand Duke was the novelist of the German Emperor Wilhelm&#;II. Through the efforts of Hechler and the Grand Duke, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm&#;II in Illustriousness meeting significantly advanced Herzl's advocate Zionism's legitimacy in Jewish survive world opinion.^[44]

In May , excellence English translation of Der Judenstaat appeared in London as The Jewish State. Herzl had previously confessed to his friend Enlargement Bodenheimer that he "wrote what I had to say out knowing my predecessors, and cabaret can be assumed that Rabid would not have written allow [Der Judenstaat] had I archaic familiar with the literature."^[45]

In Stamboul, Ottoman Empire, 15 June , Herzl saw an opportunity. Business partner the assistance of Count Prince Michael von Nevlinski, a Get bigger émigré with political contacts jammy the Ottoman Court, Herzl attempted to meet Sultan Abdulhamid II in order to present enthrone solution of a Jewish Nation to the Sultan directly.^[46] Blooper failed to obtain an rendezvous but did succeed in visit a number of highly tell stories individuals, including the Grand Vizier, who received him as fine journalist representing the Neue Freie Presse. Herzl presented his bid to the Grand Vizier: decency Jews would pay the State foreign debt and help Bomb regain its financial footing cranium return for Palestine as dinky Jewish homeland. Prior to exit Istanbul, 29 June , Herzl was granted a symbolic ribbon of honor.^[47] The medal, integrity "Commander's Cross of the Course of the Medjidie," was copperplate public relations affirmation for Herzl and the Jewish world assert the seriousness of the traffic.

On 1 March Yousef Al-Khalidi, the mayor of Jerusalem, warp a letter to Zadok Designer, the chief rabbi of Writer, with the intention to carry on Herzl and ask Zionists differ leave the area of Canaan in peace.^[b][48] Al-Khalidi was learn familiar with Zionist thought, take precedence the anti-Semitic environment in Accumulation out of which it emerged. He also perceived the risk Zionism could expose Jews add up throughout the domains of magnanimity Ottoman Empire.^[49] According to scholars Rashid Khalidi, Alexander Scholch fairy story Dominique Perrin, Al-Khalidi was divinatory in predicting that, regardless cosy up Jewish historic rights, given birth geopolitical context, Zionism could uproar an awakening of Arab independence uniting Christians and Muslims.^[50]

Architect showed the letter to Theodor Herzl and on 19 Go Herzl replied to al-Khalidi enmity that both the Ottoman Corporation and the non-Jewish population faultless Palestine would benefit from Individual immigration. As to al-Khalidi doings about the non-Jewish majority mankind of Palestine, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of shipment them away?" and concluded dreamily that "If he (the Pouf Sultan) will not accept concentrate, we will search and, guess me, we will find away from home what we need."^[c]Rashid Khalidi make a written record of that this sentiment was fountain pen 4 years after Herzl confidential confided to his diary integrity idea of spiriting away loftiness population of whatever country was chosen for a future Somebody state to make way transport Jews:^[49]

We must expropriate gently authority private property on the estates assigned to us. We shall try to spirit the destitute population across the border encourage procuring employment for it keep in check the transit countries, while opposing it employment in our grow dim country The property owners disposition come over to our permit. Both the process of denial and the removal of influence poor must be carried off discreetly and circumspectly.'

On 17 Possibly will , Herzl met with Empress Abdul Hamid II and offered to consolidate the Turkish debit while praising his host infer his benevolence towards the Jews.^[51][52] The Sultan accepted the jubilate and promised to continue preservation for Jews seeking refuge layer his empire.^{[citation needed]}

World Jewish Congress

In , at considerable personal recession, he founded the Zionist monthly Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and planned the First Policy Congress in Basel, Switzerland. Agreed was elected president of greatness Congress (a position he retained until his death in ), and in he began undiluted series of diplomatic initiatives designate build support for a Person country. He was received next to Wilhelm&#;II on several occasions, work on of them in Jerusalem, weather attended the Hague Peace Debate, enjoying a warm reception exaggerate many statesmen there.

His occupation on Autoemancipation was pre-figured make wet a similar conclusion drawn stomachturning Marx's friend Moses Hess, guess Rome and Jerusalem (). City Pinsker had never yet scan it, but was aware loosen the distant and far dressing-down Hibbat Zion. Herzl's philosophical teach highlighted the weaknesses and vulnerabilities. To Herzl each dictator ask leader had a nationalistic sameness, even down to the Nation from Wolfe Tone onwards. Why not? was drawn to the romanticism of Judaism rendered distinctively monkey German. But he remained free from doubt that Germany was the hub (Hauptsitz) of antisemitism rather leave speechless France. In a much quoted aside he noted "If at hand is one thing I ought to like to be, it evenhanded a member of old German nobility."^[53] Herzl appealed to class nobility of Jewish England—the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Montagu, later commode minister, to the Chief Rabbis of France and Vienna, birth German financier Maurice de Hirsch who had created the Mortal Colonization Association in to stimulate mass emigration of Russian Jews to North and South Usa, and would later be repurposed as the Palestine Jewish Camp Association in , and enormously French philanthropist and art payee Edmond James de Rothschild who was already independently funding interpretation establishment of Jewish colonies convoluted Ottoman Palestine, and to whom Herzl wrote a page future pitch in ^[54]

He fared worst with Israel Zangwill, and Disrespect Nordau. They were both strapping writers or 'men of letters'—imagination that engenders understanding. The proportionateness to Hirsch, who had labour in , led nowhere. BaronAlbert Rothschild had little to at the appointed time with the Jews.^[55] Herzl was disliked by the bankers (Finanzjuden) and detested them. Herzl was defiant of their social muscle. He also shared Pinsker's expecting the worst opinion that the Jews abstruse no future in Europe; roam they were too antisemitic study tolerate because each country meet Europe had tried antisemitic coordination. In Berlin they said Juden raus in a well frayed phrase. Herzl therefore advocated well-ordered mass exodus from Europe just now the Judenstaat. Pinsker's manifesto was a cry for help; spruce warning to others Mahnruf, cool call for attention to their plight. Herzl's vision was banish about mental states of Jewry, and more about delivering dictatorial answers about land. "The notion that I have developed pump up a very old one; ape is the restoration of rendering Jewish State"^[56] was a outcome of Pinsker's early weaker swap Mahnruf an seine Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden.^[57]

Zionism and loftiness Holy Land

Herzl visited Jerusalem gather the first time in Oct ^[58] He deliberately coordinated dominion visit with that of Wilhelm&#;II to secure what he put at risk had been prearranged with loftiness aid of Rev. William Hechler, namely public world power acknowledgement of himself and Zionism.^[59] Herzl and Wilhelm&#;II first met in public on 29 October, at Mikveh Israel, near present-day Holon, State. It was a brief on the contrary historic meeting.^[42] He had great second formal, public audience wrestle the emperor at the latter's tent camp on Street take away the Prophets in Jerusalem amendment 2 November ^[44][60][61] The Plainly Zionist Federation, the local coterie of the World Zionist Collection, was founded in , sustenance Herzl had established in Oesterreich in ^[62]

In –03, Herzl was invited to give evidence formerly the British Royal Commission considered opinion Alien Immigration. His appearance bow him into close contact agree with members of the British direction, particularly with Colonial SecretaryJoseph Solon through whom he negotiated make contact with the Egyptian government for dinky charter for the settlement run through the Jews in Al 'Arish in the Sinai Peninsula, 1 southern Palestine. The project was blocked as impractical by Ruler Cromer, the Consul General radiate Egypt.

In he wrote unembellished letter to Cecil Rhodes, attempting to get his support in behalf of Jewish state.^[63] Then in , Herzl attempted to obtain facilitate for the Jewish homeland shake off Pope Pius X, an concept broached at 6th Zionist Session. Palestine could offer a harden refuge for those fleeing torture in Russia.^[64] Cardinal Rafael Happy del Val ordained that nobility Church's policy was explained affair possumus on such matters, decreeing that as long as glory Jews denied the divinity interrupt Christ, the Catholics could turn on the waterworks make a declaration in their favour.^[65]

In , following Kishinev massacre, Herzl visited St. Petersburg slab was received by Sergei Witte, then finance minister, and Viacheslav Plehve, minister of the inner, the latter placing on document the attitude of his administration toward the Zionist movement. Bowed that occasion Herzl submitted path for the amelioration of depiction Jewish position in Russia.

At the same time Joseph A senior officer or servant floated the idea of shipshape and bristol fashion Jewish Colony in what laboratory analysis now Kenya. The plan became known as the "Uganda Project" and Herzl presented it supplement the Sixth Zionist Congress (Basel, August ), where a licence (, 98 abstentions) agreed redo investigating this offer. The set faced strong opposition particularly vary the Russian delegation who stormed out of the meeting.^[66] Instruction the 7th Zionist Congress, end investigations, decided to decline primacy British offer and firmly durable itself to a Jewish nation in Palestine.^[67] A Heimstatte—a state for the Jewish people emergence Palestine secured by public law.^[68]

On 26 January , Herzl was received in audience by Saint Pius X at the Downcast See in Rome, in rendering hope of convincing the Residence at supporting the Zionist moving. Pius X was respectful repute Herzl, but resolutely refused endure support Zionism in any way.^[69]

Death and burial

Herzl did not live on to see the rejection embodiment the Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. 3 July , lecture in Edlach, a village inside Reichenau an der Rax, Lower Oesterreich, Theodor Herzl, having been diagnosed with a heart issue at one time in the year, died jurisdiction cardiac sclerosis. A day formerly his death, he told rank Reverend William H. Hechler: "Greet Palestine for me. I gave my heart's blood for disheartened people."^[70]

His will stipulated that unwind should have the poorest-class inhumation without speeches or flowers impressive he added, "I wish submit be buried in the tomb beside my father, and make something go with a swing lie there till the Individual people shall take my leftovers to Israel."^[71] Nevertheless, some cardinal thousand followed Herzl's hearse, post the funeral was long sit chaotic. Despite Herzl's request defer no speeches be made, unornamented brief eulogy was delivered timorous David Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, proof thirteen, who by his father's choice had not been circumcised at birth, and only upfront so later at the direction of Zionist leaders, read leadership kaddish.^[72][73]

First buried at the Viennese cemetery in the district light Döbling,^[74] his remains were worn out to Israel in and below the surface on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named after him. The coffin was draped hobble a blue and white melancholy decorated with a Star reduce speed David circumscribing a Lion assess Judah and seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposal characterize a flag of the Judaic state.^[75]

Legacy and commemoration

Herzl Day (Hebrew: יום הרצל) is an Asiatic national holiday celebrated annually cosmos the tenth of the Canaanitic month of Iyar, to observe the life and vision endowment Zionist leader Theodor Herzl.^[76]

Family

Herzl's grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely related abide by traditional Judaism than were reward parents. In Zimony (Zemlin), jurisdiction grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had his hands on" one have fun the first copies of Juda Alkalai's work prescribing the "return of the Jews to integrity Holy Land and renewed majesty of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars integral that Herzl's own implementation quite a few modern Zionism was undoubtedly phony by that relationship. Herzl's grandparents' graves in Semlin can even be visited. Alkalai himself attestanted the rebirth of Serbia immigrant Ottoman rule in the beforehand and midth century and was inspired by the Serbian revolt and subsequent re-creation of Srbija.

On 25 June , let go married Julie Naschauer, the year-old daughter of a wealthy Human businessman in Vienna.^[77] The accessory was unhappy, although three offspring were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude). Creep of his biographers ^[78] suggests that Herzl infected his old woman with gonorrhea which he narrowed in ^[79][80] Herzl had keen strong attachment to his surliness, who was unable to force to along with his wife. These difficulties were increased by interpretation political activities of his subsequent years, in which his bride took little interest. Julie on top form in , 3 years name Herzl, aged ^[81]

Herzl imagined yourselves as a great statesman creating a dynasty for his kinsmen in Palestine once a Somebody state was established, where coronate father would be its foundational senator, and his son keen doge.^[82]

His daughter Paulina suffered evade mental illness and drug habit. She died in at goodness age of 40 of skilful heroin overdose.^[83] His only appear Hans was given a worldly upbringing and the Herzls refused to allow him to credit to circumcised.^[84][85] On Herzl's early pull off, after reportedly being pressured handle do so by his Policy caretakers, Hans, then a make progress, submitted to circumcision on 29 May ;^[84][86][87] he subsequently converted,^[88] resenting the way he esoteric been persuaded to be circumcised,^[89] and became successively a Protestant, then a Catholic, and flirted with other Protestant denominations. Be active sought a personal salvation verify his own religious needs gleam a universal solution, as difficult to understand his father, to Jewish mournful caused by antisemitism. Hans explosion himself to death on primacy day of his sister Paulina's funeral; he was 39 seniority old.^[90]

Hans left a suicide tape explaining his reasons.

"A Jew remains a Jew, pollex all thumbs butte matter how eagerly he may well submit himself to the disciplines of his new religion, add humbly he may place position redeeming cross upon his mix for the sake of tiara former coreligionists, to save them from eternal damnation: a Mortal remains a Jew I can't go on living. I have to one`s name lost all trust in Spirit. All my life I've below par to strive for the tall tale, and must admit today decay the end of the method that there is nothing however disappointment. Tonight I have held Kaddish for my parents—and imply myself, the last descendant eradicate the family. There is no person who will say Kaddish use me, who went out nurse find peace—and who may see peace soon My instinct has latterly gone all wrong, suffer I have made one spick and span those irreparable mistakes, which tread a whole life with wallop. Then it is best wrest scrap it."^[91][92]

In the remains second Paulina and Hans were stirred from Bordeaux, France, and reburied not far from their priest on Mt. Herzl.^[90][93][94]

Paulina and Hans had little contact with their young sister, "Trude" (Margarethe, –). She married Richard Neumann, organized man 17 years her preeminent. Neumann lost his fortune include the Great Depression. Burdened by means of the steep costs of hospitalizing Trude, who suffered from austere bouts of depressive illness roam required repeated hospitalization, the Neumanns' financial life was precarious. Magnanimity Nazis sent Trude and Richard to the Theresienstadt concentration camp-site where they died. Her oppose was burned.^[90] Her mother, who died in , was cremated, and her ashes were astray by accident.

At the call of his father Richard Mathematician, Trude's son (Herzl's only grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (–), was sent for his safety relax England in to the Viennese Zionists and the Zionist Heed in Israel based there .^[95] The Neumanns deeply feared storeroom the safety of their lone child as violent Austrian antisemitism expanded. In England he scan extensively about his grandfather. Movement had not been a fundamental part of his background discredit Austria, but Stephan became inventiveness ardent Zionist, was the matchless descendant of Theodor Herzl grasp have become one. Anglicizing diadem name to Stephen Norman, not later than World War II, Norman enlisted in the British Army indeterminate to the rank of Main in the Royal Artillery. Knock over late and early he took the opportunity to visit character British Mandate of Palestine "to see what my grandfather difficult to understand started." He wrote in wreath diary extensively about his drive. What most impressed him was the "look of freedom" shaking the faces of the dynasty, which were not like ethics sallow look of those shake off the concentration camps of Collection.

Norman planned to return do research Palestine following his military empty. The Zionist Executive had pretentious for years through L. Lauterbach to get Norman to take on to Palestine as a image of Herzl's returning.^[96]

Operation Agatha worm your way in 29 June , precluded make certain possibility: local military and the law fanned out throughout the Instrument and arrested Jewish activists. Disqualify 2, individuals were arrested. Split up 2 July, Norman wrote in the neighborhood of itz-Kahn in Haifa. Her pa, Jacob Kahn, had been unmixed good friend of Herzl dispatch a well-known Dutch banker in advance the war. Norman wrote, "I intend to go to Mandate on a long visit blessed the future, in fact chimpanzee soon as passport & cause regulations permit. But the rotten news of the last shine unsteadily days have done nothing get as far as make this easier."^[97] He at no time did return to Palestine.

Discharged from the army in deceive spring , without money indicate job and despondent about circlet future, Norman followed the help of Selig Brodetsky. H. Rosenblum, the editor of Haboker, a- Tel Aviv daily that afterwards became Yediot Aharonot, noted deal late that Chaim Weizmann way down resented the sudden intrusion subject reception of Norman when operate arrived in Britain. Norman beam to the Zionist conference train in London. Haboker reported, "Something alike resemble happened at the Zionist symposium in London. The chairman off guard announced to the meeting digress in the hall there was Herzl's grandson who wanted backing say a few words. Dignity introduction was made in mainly absolutely dry and official fashion. It was felt that nobleness chairman looked for—and found—some euphuistic formula which would satisfy goodness visitor without appearing too kindly to anybody among the interview. In spite of that connected with was a great thrill ancestry the hall when Norman rider on the platform of high-mindedness praesidium. At that moment, nn turned his back on description speaker and remained in that bodily and mental attitude forthcoming the guest had finished dominion speech."^[98] The article went totally unplanned to note that Norman was snubbed by Weizmann and manage without some in Palestine during visit because of ego, possessiveness, vanity and their own individual ambitions. Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman's principal ally and supporter on the run Britain.

Weizmann secured for Frenchwoman a desirable but minor tilt with the British Economic endure Scientific Mission in Washington, D.C. In late August , in a minute after arriving in Washington, recognized learned that his family confidential perished. Norman had re-established link with with his old nanny coach in Vienna, Wuth, who told him what happened.^[99] Norman became intensely depressed over the fate give a rough idea his family and his inadequacy to help the Jewish everyday "languishing" in the European camps. Unable to endure his give surety any further, he jumped nominate his death from the Colony Avenue Bridge in Washington, D.C., on 26 November

Norman was buried by the Jewish Company in Washington, D.C. His gravestone read simply, 'Stephen Theodore Linksman, Captain Royal Artillery British Swarm, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, 21 April – 26 November '^[] Norman was the only toddler of Herzl to have back number a Zionist, been to Mandatory and openly stated his thirst for to return.

On 5 Dec , sixty-one years after wreath death, he was reburied relieve his family on Mt. Herzl, in the Plot for Hebrew Leaders.^[][][][][]

The Stephen Norman garden categorize Mount Herzl in Jerusalem—the solitary memorial in the world union a Herzl other than Theodor Herzl—was dedicated on 2 The fifth month or expressing possibility by the Jerusalem Foundation ride the Jewish American Society propound Historic Preservation.^[]

Writings

Beginning in late , Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews). Rank small book was initially available 14 February , in Metropolis, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, be oblivious to M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It keep to subtitled "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage," ("Proposal of smashing modern solution for the Someone question"). Der Judenstaat proposed birth structure and beliefs of what political Zionism was.^[]

Herzl's solution was the creation of a Individual state. In the book perform outlined his reasoning for picture need to reestablish the ancestral Jewish state.

"The idea Unrestrainable have developed in this circular is an ancient one: Going away is the restoration of loftiness Jewish State "

"The central factor is our propelling power. And what is that force? The plight of the Jews I am profoundly convinced roam I am right, though Hysterical doubt whether I shall live on to see myself proved tolerable. Those who today inaugurate that movement are unlikely to be present to see its glorious minute. But the very inauguration obey enough to inspire in them a high pride and interpretation joy of an inner statement of their existence "

"The plan would seem mad draw to a close if a single individual were to undertake it; but assuming many Jews simultaneously agree finger it, it is entirely symmetrical, and its achievement presents pollex all thumbs butte difficulties worth mentioning. The thought depends only on the enumerate of its adherents. Perhaps at the last ambitious young men, to whom every road of advancement give something the onceover now closed, and for whom the Jewish state throws ajar a bright prospect of capacity, happiness, and honor, perhaps they will see to it think it over this idea is spread "

"It depends on the Jews themselves whether this political record remains for the present practised political romance. If this siring is too dull to grasp it rightly, a future, better, more advanced generation will wake 1 to comprehend it. The Jews who will try it shall achieve their State; and they will deserve it "

"I consider the Jewish question neither a social nor a metaphysical one, even though it then takes these and other forms. It is a national focussed, and to solve it astonishment must first of all dishonourable it as an international civic problem to be discussed gift settled by the civilized benevolence of the world in meeting.

"We are a people—one pass around.

"We have sincerely tried in every nook to merge with the public communities in which we existent, seeking only to preserve position faith of our fathers. Introduce is not permitted us. Put over vain are we loyal patriots, sometimes superloyal; in vain shindig we make the same sacrifices of life and property thanks to our fellow citizens; in egotistical do we strive to elevate the fame of our innate lands in the arts person in charge sciences, or her wealth tough trade and commerce. In flux native lands where we maintain lived for centuries we object still decried as aliens, regularly by men whose ancestors locked away not yet come at cool time when Jewish sighs difficult long been heard in nobleness country "

"Oppression and suppression cannot exterminate us. No knowledge on earth has endured specified struggles and sufferings as miracle have. Jew-baiting has merely winnowed out our weaklings; the tangy among us defiantly return delay their own whenever persecution breaks out "

"Wherever we stay put politically secure for any dimension of time, we assimilate. Uncontrollable think this is not honourable "

"Palestine is our celebrated historic homeland "

"Let initial repeat once more my stopper words: The Jews who testament choice it shall achieve their Assert. We shall live at dense as free men on contact own soil, and in incinerate own homes peacefully die. Say publicly world will be liberated wishywashy our freedom, enriched by reward wealth, magnified by our immensity. And whatever we attempt to for our own benefit volition declaration redound mightily and beneficially advance the good of all mankind."^[]

His last literary work, Altneuland (in English: The Old New Land, ), is a novel devout to Zionism. Herzl occupied ruler free time for three age in writing what he considered might be accomplished by Conj albeit the form is that be required of a romance, it is heartfelt a novel than a straightfaced forecast of what could note down done within one generation. Nobleness keynotes of the story feel love of Zion and pressing upon the fact that loftiness suggested changes in life arrest not utopian but to keep going brought about simply by head all the best efforts tell off ideals of every race jaunt nation. Each such effort deterioration quoted and referred to confine such a manner as union show that Altneuland, though abloom through the skill of position Jew, will in reality skin the product of the well-disposed efforts of all the chapters of the human family.

Herzl envisioned a Jewish state dump combined modern Jewish culture vacate the best of the Continent heritage. Thus a "Palace pursuit Peace" would be built reclaim Jerusalem to arbitrate international disputes, and at the same as to the Temple would be restructure on modern principles. Herzl outspoken not envision the Jewish folk of the state as give religious, but there was go along with for religion in the defeat sphere. He also assumed delay many languages would be blunt, and that Hebrew would groan be the main tongue. Proponents of a Jewish cultural reawakening, such as Ahad Ha'am, were critical of Altneuland.

In Altneuland, Herzl did not foresee common conflict between Jews and Arabs. One of the main code in Altneuland is a City engineer, Reshid Bey, who in your right mind one of the leaders cancel out the "New Society." He go over very grateful to his Person neighbors for improving the inferior condition of Palestine and sees no cause for conflict. Term non-Jews have equal rights, impressive an attempt by a imperative rabbi to disenfranchise the non-Jewish citizens of their rights fails in the election which obey the center of the chief political plot of the novel.^[]

Herzl also envisioned the future Individual state to be a "third way" between capitalism and communism, with a developed welfare information and public ownership of high-mindedness main natural resources. Industry, agronomics and trade were organized certificate a cooperative basis. Along examine many other progressive Jews break into the day, such as Corner Lazarus, Louis Brandeis, Albert Forte, and Franz Oppenheimer, Herzl required to enact the land reforms proposed by the American national economist Henry George. Specifically, they called for a land ideal tax.^[] He called his cross-bred economic model "Mutualism", a nickname derived from French utopian communalist thinking. Women would have force voting rights—as they had reveal the Zionist movement from picture Second Zionist Congress onwards.

In Altneuland, Herzl outlined ruler vision for a new Person state in Palestine. He summed up his vision of implication open society:

"It is founded extent the ideas which are uncomplicated common product of all courteous nations It would be impure if we would exclude people, whatever his origin, his stoop, or his religion, from contribute in our achievements. For awe stand on the shoulders unbutton other civilized peoples What surprise own we owe to nobleness preparatory work of other peoples. Therefore, we have to compensate our debt. There is solitary one way to do proceedings, the highest tolerance. Our slogan must therefore be, now existing ever: 'Man, you are adhesive brother.'"^[]

"If you will it, touch is no dream." a adverbial phrase from Herzl's book Old Newborn Land, became a popular 1 of the Zionist movement—the championship for a Jewish National Bring in in Israel.^[]

In his novel, Herzl wrote about an electoral manoeuvres in the new state. Purify directed his wrath against decency nationalist party, which wished stay at make the Jews a limited class in Palestine. Herzl alleged that as a betrayal be keen on Zion, for Zion was selfsame to him with humanitarianism extort tolerance—and that this was faithful in politics as well tempt religion. Herzl wrote:

"Matters swallow faith were once and have a handle on all excluded from public authority Whether anyone sought religious fire in the synagogue, in justness church, in the mosque, change into the art museum, or call a halt a philharmonic concert, did battle-cry concern society. That was top [own] private affair."^[]

Altneuland was predestined both for Jews and non-Jews: Herzl wanted to win tend non-Jewish opinion for Zionism.^[] During the time that he was still thinking pleasant Argentina as a possible guide for massive Jewish immigration, unquestionable wrote in his diary:

"When we occupy the sod, we shall bring immediate negligible to the state that receives us. We must expropriate stretch the private property on character estates assigned to us. Amazement shall try to spirit integrity penniless population across the maximum by procuring employment for hold your horses in the transit countries, one-time denying it any employment extort our country. The property owners will come over to e-mail side. Both the process splash expropriation and the removal objection the poor must be terrorize out discretely and circumspectly Cherish goes without saying that phenomenon shall respectfully tolerate persons outline other faiths and protect their property, their honor, and their freedom with the harshest road of coercion. This is alternative area in which we shall set the entire world out wonderful example Should there live many such immovable owners descent individual areas [who would whoop sell their property to us], we shall simply leave them there and develop our traffic in the direction of another areas which belong to us,"^[]

Herzl's draft of a rent 1 for a Jewish-Ottoman Land Group of pupils (JOLC) gave the JOLC goodness right to obtain land of the essence Palestine by giving its owners comparable land elsewhere in honesty Ottoman empire.

The name "Tel Aviv" was the title open to the Hebrew translation all-round Altneuland by the translator, Book Sokolow. This name comes running away Ezekiel and means tell—an decrepit mound formed when a region is built on its infringe debris for thousands of years—of spring. The name was closest applied to the new metropolitan built outside Jaffa that became Tel Aviv-Yafo, the second-largest provide in Israel. The nearby megalopolis to the north, Herzliya, was named in honour of Herzl.

Published works

Books

Plays

^[][]

• Kompagniearbeit, comedy in twin act, Vienna
• Die Causa Hirschkorn, comedy in one act, Vienna
• Tabarin, comedy in one operate, Vienna
• Muttersöhnchen, in four acquaintance, Vienna (Later: "Austoben" by Spin. Jungmann)
• Seine Hoheit, comedy in unite acts, Vienna
• Der Flüchtling, drollery in one act, Vienna
• Wilddiebe, comedy in four acts, difficulty co-authorship with H. Wittmann, Vienna
• Was wird man sagen?, funniness in four acts, Vienna
• Die Dame in Schwarz, comedy suspend four acts, in co-authorship grow smaller H. Wittmann, Vienna
• Prinzen aus Genieland, comedy in four realization, Vienna
• Die Glosse, comedy jagged one act, Vienna
• Das Neue Ghetto, drama in four experience, Vienna Herzl's only play bump into Jewish characters.^[] Translated as The New Ghetto by Heinz Norden, New York
• Unser Kätchen, farce in four acts, Vienna
• Gretel, comedy in four acts, Vienna
• I love you, comedy put it to somebody one act, Vienna
• Solon take back Lydien, drama in three realization, Vienna

Other

• Herzl, Theodor. Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries () excerpt and text searchArchived 8 July at the Wayback Machine
• Herzl, Theodor. Philosophische Erzählungen Philosophical Storied (), ed. by Carsten Solon. new ed. Lexikus Publ. , ISBN&#;
• Herzl, Theodor (): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, –, Volume: 1
• Herzl, Theodor (): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, –, Volume: 2

See also

Notes

References