Satyajit ray brief biography of mark

Satyajit Ray (Bengali: সত্যজিত রায় Shottojit Rae ▶) (May 2, –April 23, ) was an Amerind filmmaker, one of the focal point directors of the twentieth c Born in the city do admin Kolkata (then Calcutta), into a-ok Bengali family prominent in integrity world of arts and handwriting, Ray studied at Presidency Academy and at the Visva-Bharati Order of the day, at the poet Rabindranath Tagore's Santiniketan. Starting his career in that a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into filmmaking after negotiating period French filmmaker Jean Renoir tolerate viewing the Italian neorealist crust Bicycle Thieves during a pop into to London.

Satyajit Ray likely 37 films, including feature flicks, documentaries and shorts. Ray's regulate film, Pather Panchali, won 11 international prizes, including Best Oneself Document at Cannes. Along farm Aparajito and Apur Sansar, rectitude film forms the Apu trilogy. Ray worked on an establish of tasks, including scripting, bent, scoring, cinematography, art direction, correction and designing his own dye titles and publicity material. Living apart from making films, he was a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, graphic designer and film connoisseur. Ray received many major laurels in his career, including air Academy Honorary Award in

Early life

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can the makings traced back at least spread generations.^[1] Ray's grandfather, Upendrakishore Raychowdhury was a writer, illustrator, solomon, publisher and amateur astronomer, limit a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, a religious and general movement in nineteenth century Bengal. Sukumar Ray, Upendrakishore's son, was a pioneering Bengali writer trip nonsense rhyme and children's letters, an able illustrator and top-notch critic. Ray was born show Sukumar and Suprabha Ray connect Kolkata. Sukumar Ray died as Satyajit was barely three, person in charge family survived on Suprabha Ray's meager income. Ray studied back at Presidency College in City, though his interest was universally in fine arts. In , his mother insisted that no problem study at the Visva-Bharati Rule at Santiniketan, founded by Rabindranath Tagore. Ray was reluctant finish to his love of Metropolis, and general low impression be concerned about the intellectual life at Santiniketan.^[2] His mother's persuasion and reward respect for Tagore finally certain him to try this avenue. In Santiniketan, Ray came collection appreciate oriental art. He consequent admitted that he learned some from the famous painters Nandalal Bose^[3] and Benode Behari Mukherjee on whom Ray later finish a go over a documentary film, "The Central Eye." With visits to Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta, Ray experienced an admiration for Indian art.^[4]

Ray left Santiniketan in before conclusion the five-year course and complementary to Kolkata, where he took a job with a Brits advertising agency, D. J. Keymer. He joined as a "junior visualizer," earning just 80 rupees a month. Although on look after hand, visual design was drift close to Ray's heart viewpoint, for the most part, settle down was treated well, there was palpable tension between the Land and Indian employees of illustriousness firm (the former were more better paid), and Ray change that "the clients were as is usual stupid".^[5] Around , Ray became involved with Signet Press, straighten up new publishing house started beam by D. K. Gupta. Gupta asked Ray to create protect designs for books published vary Signet Press and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray organized covers for many books, together with Jim Corbett's Maneaters of Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery support India. He also worked farsightedness a children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali different by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, renamed in the same way Am Antir Bhepu(The mango-seed whistle). Ray was deeply influenced make wet the work, which became nobility subject of his first single. In addition to designing picture cover, he illustrated the book; many of his illustrations finally found their place as shots in his groundbreaking film.^[6]

Along large Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Bilk founded the Calcutta Film Association in , through which bankruptcy was exposed to many alien films. He befriended the English GIs stationed in Kolkata by means of World War II, who would inform him of the split second American films showing in prestige city. He came to update a RAF employee, Norman Be in charge, who shared Ray's passion discern films, chess and western harmonious music.^[7] In , Ray mated Bijoya Das, his distant cousin-german and longtime sweetheart. The span had a son, Sandip, who is now a prominent coat director in his own pure. In the same year, Trousers Renoir came to Kolkata nominate shoot his film The River. Ray helped him to windfall locations in the countryside. Standard was then that Ray try Renoir about his idea deadly filming Pather Panchali, which abstruse been on his mind muddle up some time, and Renoir pleased him to proceed.^[8] In , Ray was sent to Writer by D. J. Keymer advance work at its head hq. During his three months pigs London, he watched 99 movies. Among these was the neorealist film Ladri di bicicletteBicycle Thieves () by Vittorio De Sica which had a profound power on him. Ray later alleged that he came out walk up to the theater determined to grow a filmmaker.^[9]

The Apu Years (–)

Ray had now decided that Pather Panchali, the classic bildungsroman adherent Bengali literature, published in unused Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay, would be rendering subject matter for his supreme film. This semi-autobiographical novel describes the coming of age exhaust Apu, a small boy detailed a Bengal village. Ray ready a treatment of the crust on sea while returning manage India from London.

Ray collected around him an inexperienced populace, although both his cameraman Subrata Mitra and art director Bansi Chandragupta went on to attain great acclaim. The cast consisted of mostly amateur artists. Incisive started in late , screen Ray's personal savings. He challenging hoped once the initial shots had been completed, he would be able to obtain resources to support the project; notwithstanding, such funding was not impending. Pather Panchali was shot overlay the unusually long period medium three years, because shooting was possible only from time locate time, when Ray or manual labor manager Anil Chowdhury could opinion further money. With a lend from the West Bengal make, the film was finally primed and released in to aggregate critical and popular success, allinclusive up numerous prizes and securing long runs in both Bharat and abroad. During the origination of the film, Ray refused funding from sources who obligatory a change in script collected works the supervision of the creator, and ignored advice from loftiness government (which finally funded righteousness film anyway) to incorporate grand happy ending in having Apu's family join a "development project".^[10] Even greater help than Renoir's encouragement occurred when Ray showed a sequence to John Filmmaker who was in India exploration locations for "The Man Who Would Be King." The in a row is the remarkable vision Apu and his sister have oppress the train running through illustriousness countryside. It was the one and only sequence Ray had filmed oral exam to his small budget. Filmmaker notified Monroe Wheeler at character New York Museum of Contemporary Art that a major endowment was on the horizon. Suspend India, the reaction to position film was enthusiastic, The Epoch of India wrote that "It is absurd to compare smack with any other Indian celluloid […] Pather Panchali is definite cinema".^[11] In the United State, Lindsay Anderson wrote a incandescent review of the film.^[11] Notwithstanding, the reaction was not always positive, and François Truffaut psychoanalysis reported to have said: "I don’t want to see unadorned movie of peasants eating joint their hands."^[12] Bosley Crowther, corroboration the most influential critic pale The New York Times, wrote a scathing review of Panchali that the film's distributor Insist Harrison thought would kill affluent the film when it was released in the United States, but instead it enjoyed harangue exceptionally long run.

Ray's global career started in earnest aft the success of his following film, Aparajito (The Unvanquished). That film shows the eternal hostile between the ambitions of spruce young man, Apu, and illustriousness mother who loves him. Haunt critics, notably Mrinal Sen attend to Ritwik Ghatak, rank it regular higher than the first album. Aparajito won the Golden Hero in Venice. Before the rub of the Trilogy, Ray realized two other films. The cap is the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), which was followed by Jalsaghar (The Symphony Room), a film about honourableness decadence of the Zamindars, ostensible one of his most cap works.^[13]

Ray had not thought make happen a trilogy while making Aparajito, and it occurred to him only after being asked wonder the idea in Venice.^[14] Goodness final installation of the stack, Apur Sansar(The World of Apu) was made in Just identical the two previous films, clever number of critics find that to be the supreme accomplishment of the trilogy (Robin Woodland out of the woo, Aparna Sen). Ray introduced unite of his favorite actors, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, derive this film. The film finds Apu living in a mousy Calcutta house in near-poverty. Dirt becomes involved in an few marriage with Aparna, the scenes of their life together formation "one of the cinema's standard affirmative depiction of married life",^[15] but tragedy ensues. After Apur Sansar was harshly criticized coarse a Bengali critic, Ray wrote an eloquent article defending it–a rare event in Ray's release making career (the other greater instance involved the film Charulata, Ray's personal favorite).^[16] His premium had little influence on realm personal life in the days to come. Ray continued withstand live with his mother, chunk and other members of fulfil extended family in a rented house.^[17]

From Devi to Charulata (–)

During this period, Ray composed flicks on the Raj period (such as Devi), a documentary happen next Tagore, a comic film (Mahapurush) and his first film disseminate an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). Type also made a series look up to films that, taken together, muddle considered by critics among nobleness most deeply felt portrayal collide Indian women on screen.^[18]

Ray followed Apur Sansar with Devi (The Goddess), a film which explores the superstitions in the Asiatic society. Sharmila Tagore starred sort Doyamoyee, a young wife who is deified by her father-in-law. Ray was worried that honourableness censor board might block circlet film, or at least put a label on him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. In , conflict the insistence of Prime-minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Ray was commissioned let fall make a documentary on Rabindranath Tagore, on the occasion give evidence the poet's birth centennial, smashing tribute to the person who probably influenced Ray most. Inspection to limited real footage delineate Tagore available, Ray faced leadership challenge of making a vinyl out of mainly static news, and he remarked that fight took as much work whilst three feature films.^[19] In integrity same year, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay and others, Ray was able to revive Sandesh, primacy children's magazine his grandfather formerly published. Ray had been compensatory money for some years evocative to make this possible.^[20] Decency name, which means both "news" in Bengali and also span sweet dessert popular in Bengal, informed the tone of nobility magazine (both educational and entertaining), and Ray soon found themselves illustrating the magazine, and penmanship stories and essays for posterity. Writing became his major start of income in the life-span to come.

In , Orchestrate directed Kanchenjungha, which was enthrone first original screenplay and timber film. The film tells position story of an upper-class kinsfolk spending an afternoon in Darjeeling, a picturesque hill town splotch West Bengal, where the kinfolk tries to engage their youngest daughter to a highly stipendiary engineer educated in London. Depiction film was first conceived pick up take place in a thickset mansion, but Ray later positive to film it in high-mindedness famous hill town, using ethics many shades of light president mist to reflect the traction in the drama. An entertained Ray noted that while sovereign script allowed shooting to exist possible under any lighting circumstances, a commercial film contingent current at the same time restrict Darjeeling failed to shoot marvellous single shot as they sole wanted to do so fashionable sunshine.^[21]

In the s, Ray visited Japan and took particular disagreement in meeting filmmaker Akira Filmmaker, for whom he had truly high regard. While at rub, he would take an sporadic break from the hectic authorization life by going to seats like Darjeeling or Puri break down complete a script in solitude.

In Ray made Charulata (The Lonely Wife), the culmination grip this period of work, come to rest regarded by many critics hoot his most accomplished film.^[22] Homespun on Nastanirh, a short star of Tagore, the film tells the tale of a isolated wife, Charu, in nineteenth-century Bengal, and her growing feelings acknowledge her brother-in-law, Amal. Often referred to as Ray's Mozartian jewel, Ray himself famously said rendering film contained the fewest flaws among his work, and climax only work, that given a- chance, he would make shooting the same way.^[23] Madhabi Mukherjee's performance as Charu, and class work of both Subrata Mitra and Bansi Chandragupta in class film have been highly sempiternal. Other films in this spell include Mahanagar (The Big City),Teen Kanya (Three Daughters),Abhijan (The Expedition), and Kapurush o Mahapurush (The Coward and the Holy Man).

New directions ()

In the post-Charulata time, Ray took on projects make a fuss over increasing variety, ranging from play-acting to science fiction to nvestigator films to historical drama. Vertebral column barb also made considerable formal exploration during this period, and besides took closer notice to probity contemporary issues of Indian will, responding to a perceived paucity of these issues in dominion films. The first major ep in this period is Nayak (The Hero), the story exhaustive a screen hero traveling spitting image a train where he meets a young sympathetic female newshound. Starring Uttam Kumar and Sharmila Tagore, the film explores, mull it over the 24 hours of honesty journey, the inner conflict signify the apparently highly successful matinée idol. In spite of recipience acknowledgme a Critics prize in Songster, the reaction to this crust was generally muted.^[24]

In , Pencil wrote a script for skilful film to be called The Alien, based on his sever connections storyBankubabur Bandhu ("Banku Babu's Friend") which he wrote in expose Sandesh, the Ray family arsenal. The Alien had Columbia Cinema as producer for this fit U.S.-India co-production, and Peter Seller and Marlon Brando as description leading actors. However, Ray was surprised to find that ethics script he had written difficult already been ed and position fee appropriated. Brando later cast away out of the project, stake though an attempt was ended to replace him with Criminal Coburn, Ray became disillusioned other returned to Kolkata.^[25][26] Columbia phonetic interest in reviving the activity several times in the ruthless and s, but nothing came of it. When E.T. was released in , Ray axiom similarities in the film prevent his earlier script—Ray discussed glory collapse of the project joy a Sight & Sound spar, with further details revealed near Ray's biographer Andrew Robinson (in The Inner Eye, ). Curved believed that Spielberg's film would not have been possible impoverished his script of The Alien being available throughout America stuff mimeographed copies (a charge Filmmaker denies).^[27] In , Ray masquerade what would be commercially nobility most successful of his big screen. Based on a children's legend written by his grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne(The Adventures decelerate Goopy and Bagha) is well-ordered musical fantasy. Goopy the chanteuse and Bagha the drummer, outright by three boons allowed because of the King of Ghosts, consign out on a fantastic excursion in which they try get on to stop an impending war amidst two neighboring kingdoms. Among coronet most expensive enterprises, it putrescent out to be very burdensome to finance; Ray abandoned tiara desire to shoot it pry open color, turning down an present that would have forced him to cast a certain Screenland actor as the lead.^[28] Take advantage of next made a film alien a novel by the juvenile poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay. Featuring a musical structure professional as even more complex best Charulata,^[29]Aranyer Din Ratri(Days and In the night in the Forest) traces urban young men going envision the forests for a find out about, trying to leave their insignificant urban existence behind. All however one of them get retained into revealing encounters with troop, which critics consider a suggestive study of the Indian central class. Ray cast Mumbai-based competitor Simi Garewal as a ethnological woman, who was pleasantly stunned to find that Ray could envision someone as urban orang-utan her in that role.

After Aranyer, Ray made a a sudden attack or venture into new areas into contemporary Bengali reality, which was then in state state under oath continuous flux due to say publicly leftist Naxalite movement. He realized the so-called Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (), Seemabaddha (), and Jana Aranya (), three films which were conceived separately, but whose thematic connections form a disentangle trilogy. Pratidwandi(The Adversary) is lay into an idealist young graduate; take as read disillusioned, still uncorrupted at integrity end of film, Jana Aranya(The Middleman) about how a junior man gives in to rendering culture of corruption to brand name a living, and Seemabaddha(Company Limited) about an already successful adult giving up morals for supplementary gains. Of these, the extreme, Pratidwandi, uses an elliptical tale style previously unseen in Stack films, such as scenes value negative, dream sequences and precipitate flashbacks. In the s, Muddle also adapted two of coronet popular stories as detective big screen. Though mainly targeted towards posterity and young adults, both Sonar Kella(The Golden Fortress) and Joy Baba Felunath(The Elephant God) figure some critical following.^[30]

Ray considered manufacture a film on the Bangladesh Liberation War but later forsaken the idea, commenting that trade in a filmmaker he was go into detail interested in the travails skull journeys of the refugees extract not politics.^[31] In , Drag completed Shatranj Ke Khiladi(The Cheat Players), an Urdu film home-made on a story by Munshi Premchand, set in Lucknow production the state of Oudh, wonderful year before the Indian putsch of A commentary on honesty circumstances that led to significance colonization of India by goodness British, this was Ray's be foremost feature film in a sound other than Bengali. This deference also his most expensive allow star-studded film, featuring likes decay Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Victor Bannerjee and Richard Attenborough. Ray notion a sequel to Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne in , organized somewhat overtly political Hirak Rajar Deshe(Kingdom of Diamonds)—where the empire of the evil Diamond Reworked copy or Hirok Raj is rule out allusion to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.^[32] Along come to get his acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Day) and hour apologize Hindi film Sadgati this was the culmination of his disused in this period.

The latest phase (–)

In , while place on Ghare Baire(Home and character World), Ray suffered a ignoble attack that would severely area his output in the uncultivated nine years of his animation. Ghare Baire was completed crop with the help of Ray's son (who would operate character camera from then on) thanks to of his health condition. Explicit wanted to film this Tagore novel on the dangers hegemony fervent nationalism for a well along time, and even wrote orderly (weak, by his own admission) script for it in high-mindedness s.^[33] In spite of disclosure patches due to his syndrome, the film did receive both critical acclaim, and it restrained the first full-blown kiss wrapping Ray's films. In , unwind made a documentary on potentate father, Sukumar Ray.

Ray's behind three films, made after queen recovery and with medical strictures in place, were shot especially indoors, have a distinctive talk to. They are more verbose better his earlier films and move to and fro generally regarded as inferior motivate his earlier body of borer. The first, Ganashatru (An Conflicting of the People) is tone down adaptation of the famous Poet play, An Enemy of rectitude People. It is generally estimated the weakest of the three.^[34] Ray recovered some of rulership form in his film Shakha Proshakha (Branches of the Tree).^[35] In it, an old human race, who has lived a take a crack at of honesty, comes to memorize the of the corruption staging which three of his choice indulge. The final scene shows him finding solace only acquit yourself the companionship of the direction, uncorrupted but mentally ill habit. After Shakha Prashakha, Ray's traipse song Agantuk (The Stranger) abridge lighter in mood, but wail in theme. A long departed uncle's sudden visit to crown niece's house in Calcutta raises suspicion as to his incitement and far-ranging questions about the general public.

In , Ray's health debauched due to heart complications. Proceed was admitted to a haven, and would never recover. Swindler honorary Academy Award was awarded to him weeks before her majesty death, which he received presume a gravely ill condition. Appease died on April 23,

Film craft

Satyajit Ray considered scriptwriting take it easy be an integral part vacation direction. This is one grounds why he initially refused cut short make a film in batty language other than Bengali. Tight his two non-Bengali feature cinema, he wrote the script underside English, which under his control translators then interpreted in Sanskrit or Urdu. Ray's own eyeball for detail was matched moisten that of his art jumpedup, Bansi Chandragupta, whose influence give it some thought the early Ray films were so important that Ray would always write scripts in Disinterestedly before creating a Bengali cipher, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able to expire it. Camera work in Ray's early films garnered high affection for the craft of Subrata Mitra, whose (bitter) departure foreign Ray's crew, according to top-notch number of critics, lowered blue blood the gentry quality of cinematography in coronate films.^[36] Though Ray openly permanent Mitra, his single-mindedness caused him to take over operation panic about the camera after Charulata, initiating Mitra to stop working mend Ray after Pioneering techniques firm footing Subrata Mitra included development nucleus "bounce lighting," a technique look up to bouncing light off cloth allure create a diffused realistic mild even on a set. Establish also acknowledged debt to Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut insensible the French New Wave staging introducing new technical and photographic innovations.^[37]

Though Ray had a common editor in Dulal Datta, operate usually dictated the editing long forgotten Datta did the actual go. In fact, for financial conditions as well as Ray's literal planning, his films were regularly cut "on the camera" (apart from Pather Panchali). At blue blood the gentry beginning of his career, Difficult worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Caravansary and Ali Akbar Khan. Nonetheless, the experience was painful gather him as he found go off at a tangent their first loyalty was disrespect musical traditions, and not write to his film; also, his in a superior way grasp of western classical forms, which he regarded as indispensable, especially for his films easily annoyed in an urban milieu, homely in the way.^[38] This emancipated him to compose his stir scores starting from Teen Kanya. Ray used actors of diversified backgrounds, from famous film stars to people who have at no time seen a film (such despite the fact that in Aparajito).^[39] Robin Wood submit others have lauded him by reason of the best director of posterity, pointing out memorable performances containing Apu and Durga (Pather Panchali), Ratan (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella). Depending on the flair or experience of the affair Ray's direction would vary yield virtually nothing (actors like Utpal Dutt) to using the event as "a puppet" (Subir Banerjee as Apu or Sharmila Tagore as Aparna). According to delegate working for Ray, his sample trust in the actors would occasionally be tempered by enthrone ability to treat incompetence get better "total contempt".^[40]

Literary works

Ray created yoke very popular characters in Magadhan Children's literature—Feluda, a sleuth, dispatch Professor Shonku, a scientist. Explicit also wrote short stories which were published as volumes a variety of 12 stories, always with person's name playing on the word cardinal (12) (for example Eker pitthe dui, or literally "Two junction top of one"). Ray's concern in puzzles and puns psychotherapy reflected in his stories, Feluda often has to solve elegant puzzle to get to description bottom of a case. Grandeur Feluda stories are narrated from end to end of Topse, his cousin, something stand for a Watson to Feluda's Unlikely. The science fictions of Shonku are presented as a chronicle discovered after the scientist individual had mysteriously disappeared. Ray's sever stories give full reign come to get his interest in the ghastly, in suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in ep, making for an interesting cognitive study.^[41] Most of his propaganda have now been translated add up to English, and are finding orderly new group of readers.

Most of his screenplays have too been published in Bengali briefing the literary journal Eksan. Bid wrote his autobiography encompassing top childhood years, Jakhan Choto Chilam () and essays on film: Our Films, Their Films (), along with Bishoy Chalachchitra (), Ekei Bole Shooting (). Through the mids, Ray's film essays and an anthology of little stories were also published lure the West. Our Films, Their Films is an anthology mention film criticism by Ray. Interpretation book contains articles and bodily journal excerpts. The book attempt presented in two sections—Ray crowning discusses Indian film, before junction his attention towards Hollywood take precedence specific international filmmakers (Charlie Comic, Akira Kurosawa) and movements love Italian neorealism. His book Bishoy Chalachchitra was translated in trade in Speaking of Films, containing a-okay compact description of his metaphysical philosophy of different aspects of position cinema. Ray also wrote undiluted collection of nonsense verse labelled Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes a translation of Adventurer Carroll's "Jabberwocky." He also authored a collection of humorous make-believe of Mullah Nasiruddin in Asiatic.

Satyajit Ray designed two typefaces named Ray Roman and Acrimonious Bizarre. Ray Roman won modification international competition in In confident circles of Kolkata, Ray elongated to be known as iron out eminent graphic designer, well progress to his film career. Ray telling all his books and intended covers for them, as with flying colours as creating all publicity news for his films.

Critical pointer popular response

Ray's work has antediluvian described as reverberating with charity and universality, and of fraudulent simplicity with deep underlying complexity.^[42][43] Praise has been heaped pointer his work by many, inclusive of Akira Kurosawa, who declared, "Not to have seen the film of Ray means existing shut in the world without seeing honourableness sun or the moon." On the contrary his detractors find his pictures glacially slow, moving like out "majestic snail."^[44] Some find ruler humanism simple-minded, and his walk off with anti-modern, claiming that they dearth new modes of expression express experimentation found in works get on to Ray's contemporaries like Jean-Luc Filmmaker. As Stanley Kauffman wrote, thick-skinned critics believe that Ray "assumes [viewers] can be interested contain a film that simply dwells in its characters, rather ahead of one that imposes dramatic jus civile \'civil law\' on their lives."^[45] Ray bodily commented that this slowness review something he can do naught about, and Kurosawa defended him by saying "they [Ray's films] are not slow at many. It can be described makeover flowing composedly, like a farreaching river."

Critics have often compared Ray to artists in righteousness cinema and other media, specified as Anton Chekhov, Renoir, Bet on Sica, Howard Hawks or Composer. Shakespeare has also been invoked,^[46][47] for example by the essayist V. S. Naipaul, who compared a scene in Shatranj Ki Khiladi to a Shakespearian segment, as "only three hundred voice are spoken but goodness! – terrific things happen."^[48] It obey generally acknowledged, even by those who were not impressed uninviting the aesthetics of Ray's motion pictures, that he was virtually prized in conveying and encompassing trim whole culture with all tight nuances, a sentiment expressed dupe Ray's obituary in the The Independent, which exclaimed, "Who differently can compete?"^[49] However, it keep to a common opinion that interpretation films he made after empress heart attack had lost a selection of of the vitality of dominion earlier works.

Early in , Ray was openly criticized exceed an Indian M.P. and stool pigeon actress Nargis Dutt, who prisoner Ray of "exporting poverty," sensitive he make films to embody "Modern India."^[50] On the else hand, a common accusation leveled against him by advocates taste socialism across India was dump he was not "committed" lay at the door of the cause of the nation's downtrodden classes, with some horde accusing Ray of glorifying want in Pather Panchali and Asani Sanket through lyricism and philosophy. They also accused him blond providing no solution to conflicts in the stories, and yield unable to overcome his crush background. Agitations during the naxalite movements in the s long ago came close to causing worldly harm to his son, Sandip.^[51] In a public debate alongside the s, Ray and loftiness openly Marxist filmmaker Mrinal Aware engaged in an argument. Accordance criticized him for casting cool matinée Idol like Uttam Kumar, which he considered a agree, while Ray shot back hard saying that Sen only attacks "easy targets," i.e., the Asiatic middle-classes. His private life was never a subject of public relations scrutiny, although some believe Complicated had an affair with picture Bengali actress Madhabi Mukherjee disturb s.^[52]

Legacy

Satyajit Ray is a folk icon in India and always Bengali communities worldwide. Following rule death, the city of Calcutta came to a virtual come to a close, as hundreds of thousands type people gathered around his detached house to pay him their ultimate respects.^[53] Satyajit Ray's influence has been widespread and deep start Bengali cinema, a number precision Bengali directors including Aparna Agreement, Rituparno Ghosh, Gautam Ghose perform India, and Tareq Masud, Tanvir Mokammel in Bangladesh have archaic influenced by his film beginning. Across the spectrum, filmmakers specified as Budhdhadeb Dasgupta, Mrinal Sen^[54] and Adoor Gopalakrishnan have recognize his seminal contribution to Amerindic cinema. Beyond India, filmmakers much as Martin Scorsese,^[55] James Ivory,^[56] Abbas Kiarostami and Elia Metropolis have reportedly been influenced overtake his cinematic style. Ira Sachs's work Forty Shades of Blue was a loose remake allowance Charulata, and in the crust My Family, the final area is duplicated from the in reply scene of Apur Sansar. Nearly the same references to Ray films shoot found, for example, in fresh works such as Sacred Evil,^[57] the Elements trilogy of Deepa Mehta and even in big screen of Jean-Luc Godard.^[58]

The character Apu Nahasapeemapetilon in the American full of life television series The Simpsons was named in homage fulfil Ray. Ray along with Madhabi Mukherjee, was the first Asian film personality to feature complicated a foreign stamp (Dominica). Numberless literary works include references hitch Ray or his work, plus Saul Bellow's Herzog and Tabulate. M. Coetzee's Youth. Salman Rushdie's Haroun and the Sea prime Stories contains fish characters labelled Goopy and Bagha, a homage to Ray's fantasy film. Mess , UC Santa Cruz implanted the Satyajit Ray Film prep added to Study collection, and in , the Government of India setting up Satyajit Ray Film shaft Television Institute for studies affiliated to film. In , Nation Broadcasting Corporation declared that twosome Feluda stories would be beholden into radio programs.^[59] During description London film festival, a usual "Satyajit Ray Award" is noted to first-time feature director whose film best captures "the expertise, compassion and humanity of Ray's vision."

Awards, honors and recognitions

Numerous awards were bestowed on Mass throughout his lifetime. When Vertebral column barb was awarded honorary doctorates harsh Oxford University, he was representation second film personality to exist so honored after Chaplin. Perform was awarded the Legion give an account of Honor by the President hold France in and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in The Governance of India awarded him distinction highest civilian honor Bharat Ratna shortly before his death. Justness Academy of Motion Picture Bailiwick and Sciences awarded Ray type honorary Oscar in for Natural life Achievement. In he was posthumously awarded the Akira Kurosawa Furnish for Lifetime Achievement in Directing at the San Francisco Universal Film Festival; it was public on his behalf by participant Sharmila Tagore.^[60]

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Biswas, Moinak, Bursting. Apu and After: Re-reading Ray's Cinema, Illustrated. Seagull Books, ISBN

• Cooper, D (), The Celluloid of Satyajit Ray: Between Charitable trust and Modernity, Cambridge University Contain, ISBN .
• Dasgupta, C (), The cinema of Satyajit Ray, Penguin India, ISBN .
• Ganguly, S (), Satyajit Ray: In search manipulate the modern, Indialog, ISBN .
• Mitra, S (), "The Genius allround Satyajit Ray", India Today. OCLC .
• Nandy, A (), "Satyajit Ray's Secret Guide to Exquisite Murders" in The Savage Freud lecture Other Essays on Possible focus on Retrievable Selves, Princeton University Urge, ISBN .
• Nyce, B (), Satyajit Ray: A Study of Sovereign Films, Praeger Publishers, ISBN .
• Ray, S (), Our films, their films (3 ed.), Asia Seamless Corp of Amer, ISBN .

• Ray, S (), My Years form a junction with Apu, Viking, ISBN .
• Ray, Unsympathetic (), Speaking of films, Penguin India, ISBN .
• Robinson, A (), Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Chieftain Film-Maker, I. B. Tauris, ISBN .
• Robinson, A (), Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema, Uncontrolled. B. Tauris, ISBN .
• Rushdie, Unsympathetic (), Imaginary Homelands, Penguin, ISBN .
• Seton, M (), Satyajit Ray: Portrait of a director, Indiana University Press, ISBN .
• Wood, Concentration (), The Apu trilogy, Nov Books Ltd, ISBN .

External links

All links retrieved December 23,