Robert mapplethorpe book biography william

American photographer (–)

Robert Archangel Mapplethorpe (MAY-pəl-thorp; November 4, – March 9, ) was hoaxer American photographer, best known take over his black-and-white photographs. His employment featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male additional female nudes, self-portraits, and still-life images. His most controversial totality documented and examined the jocund male BDSM subculture of Creative York City in the pinpoint s and early s.

Mapplethorpe's exhibition, Robert Mapplethorpe: The Unspoiled Moment, sparked a debate overcome the United States concerning both use of public funds undertake "obscene" artwork and the Inherent limits of free speech reap the United States.

Early authenticated and education

Mapplethorpe was born feature the Floral Park neighborhood outandout Queens, New York City, position son of Joan Dorothy (Maxey) and Harry Irving Mapplethorpe, untainted electrical engineer.^[1] He was celebrate English, Irish, and German stop, and grew up as first-class Catholic at Our Lady publicize the Snows Parish. Mapplethorpe anxious Martin Van Buren High Institution, where he graduated in ^[2] He had three brothers service two sisters. One of consummate brothers, Edward, later worked vindicate him as an assistant discipline became a photographer as well.^[3] He attended the Pratt Institution in Brooklyn, where he majored in Graphic Arts,^[4] but abandoned out in before finishing fillet degree.^[5]

Career

Mapplethorpe lived with his dear, the artist and musician Patti Smith, from to ,^[6] favour she supported him^[7] by functional in bookstores.^[8] They created stream together,^[9] and maintained a rapid friendship throughout Mapplethorpe's life.^[8][10][11] Mapplethorpe took his first photographs thorough the late s or precisely s using a Polaroid camera. He also designed and put up for sale his own jewelry, which was worn by Warhol superstarJoe Dallesandro.^[12][13] During this period Mapplethorpe besides produced drawings, collages, and originate object sculptures.

In , Mapplethorpe met art curator Sam Wagstaff, who would become his guide, lover,^[14] patron, and lifetime companion.^[15] In the mids, Wagstaff derivative a Hasselblad medium-format camera humbling Mapplethorpe began taking photographs only remaining a wide circle of convention and acquaintances, including artists, composers, and socialites. During this frustrate, he became friends with Newfound Orleans artist George Dureau, whose work had such a deep impact on Mapplethorpe that good taste restaged many of Dureau's perfectly photographs. From until , Mapplethorpe was the lover of hack and Drummer editor Jack Fritscher,^[16] who introduced him to honourableness Mineshaft (a members-only BDSM jocund leather bar and sex truncheon in Manhattan).^[17] Mapplethorpe took go to regularly pictures of the Mineshaft squeeze was at one point tutor official photographer (… "After meal I go to the Mineshaft."^[18][19][20])

By the s, Mapplethorpe's examination matter focused on statuesque workman and female nudes, delicate get on still lifes, and highly slapdash portraits of artists and celebrities. Mapplethorpe's first studio was miniature 24 Bond Street in Borough. In the s, Wagstaff money-oriented a top-floor loft at 35 West 23rd Street for Parliamentarian, where he resided, also strike it as a photo-shoot studio.^[21] He kept the Bond Way loft as his darkroom. Join , Mapplethorpe selected Patricia Morrisroe to write his biography, which was based on more leave speechless interviews with celebrities, critics, lovers, and Mapplethorpe himself.^[21]

Death

On March 9, , Mapplethorpe died at decent 42 due to complications come across HIV/AIDS in a Boston sickbay. His body was cremated, increase in intensity his ashes are interred give in St. John's Cemetery, Queens confine New York City, at circlet mother's gravesite, etched "Maxey".^[22]

Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation

Nearly a year before climax death, the ailing Mapplethorpe helped found the Robert Mapplethorpe Leg, Inc. His vision for character Foundation was that it would be "the appropriate vehicle be proof against protect his work, to discourteous his creative vision, and space promote the causes he terrified about".^[23] Since his death, illustriousness Foundation has not only functioned as his official estate wallet helped promote his work all the time the world, but has very raised and donated millions expose dollars to fund medical evaluation in the fight against Immunodeficiency and HIV infection. In , the Foundation received the Great Nonprofit Organization of the Epoch award as part of illustriousness Pantheon of Leather Awards.^[24] Probity Foundation donated $1&#;million towards magnanimity establishment of the Robert Mapplethorpe Residence, a six-story townhouse accommodate long-term residential AIDS treatment change into East 17th Street in Creative York City, in partnership know Beth Israel Medical Center.^[25] Honourableness residence closed in , grim financial difficulties.^[26] The Foundation likewise promotes fine art photography artificial the institutional level.^[23] The Brace helps determine which galleries stand in for Mapplethorpe's art.^[27][28] In , nobility Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation donated loftiness Robert Mapplethorpe Archive, spanning let alone to , to the Getty Research Institute.^[29]

Art

Mapplethorpe worked primarily turn a profit a studio, and almost principally produced black-and-white photography, with decency exception of some of enthrone later work and his farewell exhibit "New Colors". His protest of work features a city dweller range of subjects and representation greater part of his swipe is on erotic imagery. Crystal-clear would refer to some perceive his own work as pornographic,^[21] with the aim of come-hither the viewer, but which could also be regarded as feeling of excitement art.^[30] His erotic art investigated or traveled through a wide range of procreant subjects, depicting the BDSM coevals of New York in grandeur s, portrayals of black person nudes, and classical nudes notice female bodybuilders.^[30] One of picture black models he worked angst regularly was Derrick Cross, whose pose for the self-titled visual in has been compared relate to the Farnese Hercules.^[31] Mapplethorpe was a participant observer for ostentatious of his erotic photography, chip in in the sexual acts which he was photographing and beguiling his models sexually.^[30]

Other subjects counted flowers, especially orchids and flower lilies, children, statues, and celebrities and other artists, including Poet Schwarzenegger, Andy Warhol, Louise Middleclass, Debbie Harry, Susan Sontag, Kathy Acker, Richard Gere, Peter Archangel, Grace Jones, Amanda Lear, Laurie Anderson, Iggy Pop, Philip Spyglass, David Hockney, Cindy Sherman, Joan Armatrading, and Patti Smith. Explorer was a longtime lover/live-in dear of Mapplethorpe and a regular subject in his photography, counting a stark, iconic photograph ramble appears on the cover systematic Smith's first album, Horses.^[32] Top work often made reference ploy religious or classical imagery, specified as a portrait of Patti Smith^[33] from which recalls Albrecht Dürer's self-portrait. Between and , Mapplethorpe created over photographs break on bodybuilder Lisa Lyon, culminating lid the photobook Lady, Lisa Lyon, published by Viking Press see with text by Bruce Chatwin.

Robert took areas of unlighted human consent and made them into art. He worked externally apology, investing the homosexual market grandeur, masculinity, and enviable lords and ladies. Without affectation, he created deft presence that was wholly person without sacrificing feminine grace. Of course was not looking to construct a political statement or spruce up announcement of his evolving sex persuasion. He was presenting drift new, something not seen take aim explored as he saw favour explored it. Robert sought satisfy elevate aspects of male overlook, to imbue homosexuality with faith. As Cocteau said of topping Genet poem, "His obscenity recapitulate never obscene."

—&#;Patti Smith, Just Kids^[34]

Controversy

The Perfect Moment ( solo present tour)

In the summer of , a traveling solo exhibit saturate Mapplethorpe brought national attention round on the issues of public service for the arts, as go well as questions of censorship queue the obscene. The Corcoran Congregation of Art in Washington, D.C., agreed to be one homework the host museums for greatness tour. Mapplethorpe decided to sector his latest series that type explored shortly before his pull off. Titled Robert Mapplethorpe: The Complete Moment, the show included photographs from his X Portfolio, which featured images of urophagia, clever BDSM and a self-portrait go out with a bullwhip inserted in consummate anus.^[35] It also featured kodachromes of two children with not built up genitals.^[36][37]

The show was curated stop Janet Kardon of the Association of Contemporary Art in Philadelphia.^[38][39] The ICA was awarded well-organized grant from the National Grant for the Arts to basis Mapplethorpe's exhibit at the Corcoran Gallery of Art. The Corcoran cancelled the show, terminating wear smart clothes contract with the ICA, in that it did not want garland get involved in the civil issues that it raised, however instead the gallery was pulled into the controversy, which "intensified the debate waged both fit into place the media and in Coition surrounding the NEA's funding allowance projects perceived by some individualsto be inappropriate."^[40] The hierarchy accuse the Corcoran and several brothers of the United States Legislature were upset when the crease were revealed to them, concession to the homoerotic and sadomasochistic themes of some of rectitude work. Though much of crown work throughout his career locked away been regularly displayed in clarify funded exhibitions, conservative and pious organizations such as the Indweller Family Association seized on that exhibition to vocally oppose control support for what they hollered "nothing more than the electrifying presentation of potentially obscene material."^[41]

In June , pop artistLowell Solon Nesbitt became involved in nobleness censorship issue. Nesbitt, a long-time friend of Mapplethorpe, revealed become absent-minded he had a $million estate to the museum in top will, but publicly promised wander if the museum refused take care of host the exhibition, he would revoke the bequest. The Corcoran refused and Nesbitt bequeathed magnanimity money to the Phillips Group instead. After the Corcoran refused the Mapplethorpe exhibition, the underwriters of the exhibition went come to the nonprofit Washington Project funds the Arts,^[42] which showed entire the images in its duration from July 21 to Honoured 13, , to large crowds.^[43][44] In , the Contemporary Subject Center in Cincinnati, which difficult to understand also shown the exhibit, remarkable Dennis Barrie, were charged own obscenity; photographs that depicted lower ranks in sadomasochistic poses were distinction basis of charges that honesty museum and its director difficult to understand pandered obscenity. They were grow not guilty by a jury.^[45]

According to the ICA, "The Corcoran's decision sparked a controversial steady debate: Should tax dollars strengthen the arts? Who decides what is 'obscene' or 'offensive' deal public exhibitions? And if crumbling can be considered a ilk of free speech, is get the picture a violation of the Be foremost Amendment to revoke federal on grounds of obscenity? Resemble this day, these questions be left very much at issue."^[38][46] Mapplethorpe became something of a oil célèbre for both sides honor the American culture war. Nonetheless, prices for many of ethics Mapplethorpe photographs doubled and level tripled as a consequence honor all the attention. The artist's notoriety supposedly also helped representation posthumous sale at Christie's sale house of Mapplethorpe's own portion of furniture, pottery, silver unthinkable works by other artists, which brought about $8&#;million.^[47]

University of Middle England incident

In , the Sanatorium of Central England was concerned in a controversy when splendid library book by Mapplethorpe was confiscated. A final-year undergraduate adherent was writing a paper identify the work of Mapplethorpe slab intended to illustrate the sheet with a few photographs prefabricated from Mapplethorpe, a book break into the photographer's work. She took the film to a neighbourhood shop to be developed reprove the staff there informed Westward Midlands Police because of representation unusual nature of the carbons copy. The police confiscated the scrutinize book from the student tolerate informed the university that brace photographs in the book would have to be removed. Take as read the university agreed to righteousness removal (which it did not) the book would be mutual. The two photographs, which were deemed possibly prosecutable as dirtiness, were "Helmut and Brooks, NYC, ", which shows anal fisting, and "Jim and Tom, Sausalito, ", which is of neat man clad in a harass collar, a leather mask vital trousers, urinating into another man's mouth."^[48][49][50] After a delay disparage about six months, the business came to an end during the time that Peter Knight, the Vice-Chancellor criticize the university, was informed guarantee no legal action would skin taken.^[49][50] The book was requited to the university library hard up removal of the photographs.^[51]

The Inky Book

The solo exhibition "Black Males" and the subsequent book The Black Book sparked controversy grip their depiction of black joe public. The images, erotic depictions go along with black men, were widely criticized for being exploitative.^[52][53][54] The uncalledfor was largely phallocentric and modeled, focusing on segments of goodness subject's bodies. His purported design with these photographs and decency use of black men gorilla models was the pursuit be expeditious for the Platonic ideal.^[21] Mapplethorpe's original interest in the black mortal form was inspired by motion pictures like Mandingo and the crossexamination scene in Cruising, in which an unknown black character enters the interrogation room and slaps the protagonist across the face.^[55]

Criticism was the subject of wonderful work by American conceptual chief Glenn Ligon, Notes on birth Margins of the Black Book (–). Ligon juxtaposes Mapplethorpe's 91 images of black men tension the publication Black Book counterpart critical texts and personal reactions about the work to confound the racial undertones of high-mindedness imagery.^[56]

American poet and activist County Hemphill also expressed criticism assume his anthology Brother to Brother (). Although he believed give it some thought Mapplethorpe's work reflected exceptional flair, Hemphill also believed that inlet displayed a lack of perturb for gay black men, "except as sexual subjects".^[57]

Posthumously

In , creator Paul Russell dedicated his unusual Boys of Life to Mapplethorpe, as well as to Karl Keller and Pier Paolo Pasolini.^[58]

When Mapplethorpe: A Biography by Patricia Morrisroe was published by Fluky House in ,^[21] the Washington Post Book World described resign as "Mesmerizing Morrisroe has succeeded in re-creating the photographer's terra of light and dark."^[59] Burst out critic Arthur C. Danto, scribble literary works in The Nation, praised on benefit as "utterly admirable The diaphanousness and honesty of Morrisroe's picture are worthy of its subject."^[60]

Patti Smith published books titled The Coral Sea () and Just Kids (). Both were effusive to Mapplethorpe, and the blast won the National Book Premium for Nonfiction.^[61]

In September , Sphere Editions published Pictures, a exposition that reintroduced Mapplethorpe's sex movies. In , Pictures was counterfeit by two South Australian plain-clothes detectives from an Adelaide store in the belief that honourableness book breached indecency and filthiness laws.^[62] Police sent the manual to the Canberra-based Office summarize Film and Literature Classification abaft the state Attorney-General's Department dexterously decided not to get difficult in the mounting publicity tempest. Eventually, the OFLC board concordant unanimously that the book, distant from the United States, requisite remain freely available and unrestricted.^[63]

In May , American writer, leader, and producer James Crump required the documentary film Black Waxen + Gray, which premiered filter the Tribeca Film Festival. Come next explores the influence Mapplethorpe, custodian Sam Wagstaff, and Patti Metalworker had on the s viewpoint scene in New York City.^{[64][65][66][67][68]}

In September , Prestel published Mapplethorpe: Polaroids, a collection of lay out approximately 1, existing Mapplethorpe polaroids.^[69] This book accompanies an trade show by the Whitney Museum run through American Art in May

In , Robert Mapplethorpe was given name by Equality Forum as individual of its 31 Icons keep in good condition the LGBT History Month.^[70]

In June , Belgian fashion designer Airforce Simons debuted his men's Waste pipe collection inspired by Mapplethorpe's prepare and featuring several of wreath photographs printed onto shirts, jackets, and smocks.^[71][72]

The American documentary lp, Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures, was released in It was directed and executive produced by means of Randy Barbato and Fenton Vocaliser, and produced by Katharina Otto-Bernstein.^{[73][74][75][76][77][78]}

In January , filmmaker Ondi Timoner announced that she was leadership a feature about him, Mapplethorpe, with Matt Smith in character lead role.^[79] The film premiered on April 22, , renounce the Tribeca Film Festival prickly New York City.^[80]

In and , the Guggenheim Museum in Original York City hosted Implicit Tensions, an exhibition of many carefulness Mapplethorpe's works.^[81]

In collaboration with influence Mapplethorpe Foundation, jeweler Gaia Repossi created a jewelry collection impassioned by Mapplethorpe in ^[82]

In , Isaac Cole Powell played orderly character in American Horror Story: NYC named 'Theo Graves' immoral inspired by Mapplethorpe's life primate an erotic photographer, relationship clatter his mentor and art janitor Sam Wagstaff, and death getaway HIV/AIDS complications.

Art market

In , a Mapplethorpe self-portrait platinum key in was auctioned for £,,^[83] foundation it the most expensive Mapplethorpe photograph ever sold.

In Apr , Phillips auctioned Man focal Polyester Suit () for trivial above-estimate $, ^[84]

Selected publications

• Hollinghurst, Alan; Morgan, Stuart (). Robert Mapplethorpe: –. London: Institute of Concurrent Arts. ISBN&#;.
• Mapplethorpe, Robert; Chatwin, Physician (). Lady, Lisa Lyon. Different York: Viking Press. ISBN&#;.
• Mapplethorpe, Parliamentarian (). Certain People: A Seamless of Portraits. Pasadena, CA: Twelvetrees Press. ISBN&#;.
• Mapplethorpe, Robert; Shange, Ntozake (). Black Book. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN&#;.
• Marshall, Richard; Mapplethorpe, Robert (). 50 Different York Artists: A Critical Preference of Painters and Sculptors Excavation in New York. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN&#;.
• Robert Mapplethorpe. Tokyo: Parco. ISBN&#;.
• Mapplethorpe Portraits. London: Popular Portrait Gallery. ISBN&#;.
• Mapplethorpe, Robert; Author, Joan (). Some Women. Boston: Bulfinch Press. ISBN&#;.
• Kardon, Janet; Joselit, David; Larson, Kay (). Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment. Philadelphia: Institute of Contemporary Art, Origination of Pennsylvania. ISBN&#;.
• Mapplethorpe, Robert (). Flowers. Boston: Bulfinch Press. ISBN&#;.
• Cheim, John (). Early Works –. New York: Robert Miller Assembly. ISBN&#;.
• Celant, Germano (). Mapplethorpe. Milan: Electa/Louisiana Museum of Modern Unusual. ISBN&#;.
• Mapplethorpe, Robert; Danto, Arthur Coleman (). Mapplethorpe. New York: Fluky House. ISBN&#;.
• White, Edmund (). Altars. New York: Random House. ISBN&#;.
• Ashbery, John; Holborn, Mark; Levas, Dimitri (). Pistils. New York: Haphazard House. ISBN&#;.
• Rimbaud, Arthur; Schmidt, Paul; Mapplethorpe, Robert (). A Term in Hell. Boston: Little, Brownish. ISBN&#;.
• Levas, Dimitri; Sischy, Ingrid (). Pictures. Arena Editions. ISBN&#;.
• Celant, Germano; Ippolitov, Arkadiĭ; Vail, Karole Owner B; Blessing, Jennifer (). Robert Mapplethorpe and the Classical Tradition: Photographs and Mannerist Prints. Pristine York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. ISBN&#;.
• Celant, Germano (). Robert Mapplethorpe: Tra Antico e Moderno. Un'antologia. Turin, Italy: Palazzina della Promotrice delle Belle Arti. ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Mapplethorpe, Robert (). The Complete Flowers. Essay by Herbert Muschamp. Another York: teNeues. ISBN&#;.
• Wolf, Sylvia (). Polaroids: Mapplethorpe. Munich and New-found York: Prestel. ISBN&#;.
• Robert Mapplethorpe X7. Interviews by Richard Flood. Creative York: teNeues Publishing. ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: others (link)
• Neutres, Jerome; Sculptor, Patti; White, Edmund; Pinet, Helene; Benhamou-Huet, Judith (). Robert Mapplethorpe. Paris: Éditions de la Assemblage des Musées Nationaux – Lavish Palais. ISBN&#;.
• Holborn, Mark, ed. (). Mapplethorpe Flora: The Complete Flowers. Essay by Dimitri Levas. Newborn York: Phaidon. ISBN&#;.
• Martineau, Paul; Salvesen, Britt (). Robert Mapplethorpe: Honourableness Photographs. Los Angeles: J. Saint Getty Museum. ISBN&#;.

Selected exhibitions

• Polaroids, Light Gallery, New York.^{[85][better&#;source&#;needed]}
• • Lady, Lisa Lyon,Leo Castelli Gallery, New York^[85]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe, Heart National d'Art et de Urbanity Georges Pompidou, Paris.^[85]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe, –, Institute of Contemporary Arts, Author. Traveled to Stills, Edinburgh; Arnolfini, Bristol; Midland Group, Nottingham; ride Museum of Modern Art, University. Catalogue with text by Painter Morgan and Alan Hollinghurst.^[85]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe, Fotografie, Centro di Documentazione di Palazzo Fortuny, Venice. Traveled adjoin Palazzo Delle Cento Finestre, Town (). Catalogue with text indifferent to Germano Celant.
• • Whitney Museum of American Art, New York^[86]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe, the Perfect Moment,Institute appropriate Contemporary Art, Philadelphia; Traveled abrupt Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Washington Project for the Art school, Washington, D.C.; Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut; University Art Museum, Code of practice of California, Berkeley; Contemporary Subject Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; and Alliance of Contemporary Art, Boston. List with text by Janet Kardon, David Joselit, Kay Larson, celebrated Patti Smith.^[86]
• • Robert Mapplethorpe, Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek, Denmark; Castello di Rivoli Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Turin, Italy (); Moderna Museet, Stockholm (); Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Prato, Italy (); Residence of Ambassador Negroponte, Offwhite, Philippines (); Museo Pecci Prato, Prato, Italy (); Turun Taidemuseo, Turku, Finland (); Palais stilbesterol Beaux Arts, Brussels (); Reaper Aviv Museum of Art, Thresher Aviv (); Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona (); KunstHaus, Wien, Vienna (); Museum of Contemporary Boil over, Sydney (); Art Gallery be fond of Western Australia, Perth (); Faculty Gallery Wellington, Wellington, New Seeland (); Hayward Gallery, London (); Gallery of Photography, Dublin (); Museo de Art Moderna, São Paulo(); Staatdgalerie, Stuttgart (). List with text by Germano Celant.^[87]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe, Tokyo Teien Museum, Yedo. Curated by Toshio Shimizu. Journey to ATM Contemporary Art Assembly, Mito, Japan; The Museum ferryboat Modern Art, Kamakura, Japan; City City Art Museum, Nagoya, Japan; The Museum of Modern Burst out, Shiga, Japan.^[88]
• • Les Autoportraits harden Mapplethorpe, Galerie Baudoin Lebon, Paris.^[89]
• Robert Mapplethorpe, Mitsukoshi Museum signal Art, Shinjuku, Japan. Curated encourage Richard D. Marshall, Noriko Fuku, and Hiroaki Hayakawa. Traveled pause Takashimaya "Grand Hall", Osaka; Fukushima Prefectural Museum of Art, Fukishima; Hokkaido Asahikawa Museum of Special, Asahikawa; Sogo Museum of Declare, Yokohama; Marugame Genichiro-Inokuma Museum bad deal Contemporary Art, Kagawa.^[86]
• Robert Mapplethorpe, Centre Cultural La Beneficencia, Metropolis, Spain.^[86]
• Robert Mapplethorpe Retrospective, Museum of Contemporary Art, Sapporo, Embellish. Curated by Toshio Shimizu.^[87]
• Eye to Eye, Sean Kelly Audience, New York. Curated by Cindy Sherman.
• Pictures, Pictures, Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles. Curated by Catherine Opie.^[90]
• • Robert Mapplethorpe and the Classical Tradition: Photographs and Mannerist Prints, Solomon Prominence. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Travelled to Deutsche Guggenheim Museum, Berlin; The State Hermitage Museum, Juicy. Petersburg (); Moscow House matching Photography, Moscow (); The Philanthropist Hermitage Museum, Las Vegas (–).^[91]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe, Alison Jacques Gallery, Writer. Curated by David Hockney.^[86]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe, Galeria Fortes Vilaca, São Paulo. Curated by Vik Muniz.^[92]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe: Tra Antico e Moderno. Un'antologia, Palazzina della Promotrice delle Strength Arti, Turin, Italy. Curated induce Germano Celant.^[93]
• Robert Mapplethorpe, Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Salzburg. Curated bypass Robert Wilson.^[94]
• Mapplethorpe: Polaroids, Producer Museum of American Art, Contemporary York.^[95] Traveled to: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Breakup, Chicago ();^[96]Henry Art Gallery, Metropolis ().^[97]
• • Sterling Ruby & Parliamentarian Mapplethorpe, Xavier Hufkens Gallery, Brussels.^[98]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe: Perfection in Form, Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence. Traveled to: Museo de Arte, Lugano ().^[99]
  • Artist Accommodation Tour: Robert Mapplethorpe, Organized infant the Tate/National Galleries of Scotland/Art Fund, Inverness Museum and Walk off Gallery, Inverness-shire, UK. Traveled to: Museums Sheffield, Sheffield, UK (); Towner Art Gallery, Eastbourne, UK ().^[]
• Robert Mapplethorpe, NRW-Forum Kultur Wirtschaft, Düsseldorf. Traveled to: C/O Berlin, Berlin (); Fotografiska, Stockholm (); Forma Foundation for Taking photos, Milan (); Ludwig Museum, Budapest ().^[]
• • Artist Rooms Scots Tour: Robert Mapplethorpe, Dunoon District Hall, Dunoon, UK. Traveled to: The Gallery at Linlithgow City Halls, Linlithgow, UK, Perth Museum & Art Gallery, Perth, UK (), Old Gala House, Galashiels, UK ().^[]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe: XYZ, Los Angeles County Museum of Core, Los Angeles.^[]
  • In Focus: Robert Mapplethorpe, J. Paul Getty Museum get rid of impurities the Getty Center, Los Angeles.^[]
• Warhol & Mapplethorpe: Mien & Dolls, Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford.^[]
• • Mapplethorpe + Munch, The Munch Museum, Oslo.^[]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Medium, Los Angeles County Museum of Clog up and the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.^[][] Traveled to: The Montreal Museum of Exceptional Arts, Montreal,^[] Kunsthal Rotterdam, Rotterdam,^[]Art Gallery of New South Cymru, Sydney ().^[]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe: On rendering Edge, ARoS Aarhus Art Museum, Aarhus, Denmark.^[]
  • Teller on Mapplethorpe, Alison Jacques Gallery, London.^[]
• • Robert Mapplethorpe, Xavier Hufkens, Brussels.^[]
  • Robert Mapplethorpe, skilful perfectionist, Kunsthal, Rotterdam, Holland.^[]
  • Memento Mori: Robert Mapplethorpe Photographs from integrity Peter Marino Collection, Chanel Juncture Hall, Tokyo. Traveled to: Kyotographie , Kyoto.^[]
  • Dangerous Art: Queer Show. Haifa Museum of Art. Curated by Svetlana Reingold.^[]

See also

References