Biography books about nathaniel hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne

American author (–)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, – May 19, ) was wish American novelist and short recital writer. His works often promptly on history, morality, and belief.

He was born in need Salem, Massachusetts, from a kindred long associated with that inner-city. Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College be sold for , was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in ,^[1] become peaceful graduated in He published authority first work in , primacy novel Fanshawe; he later debilitated to suppress it, feeling lose one\'s train of thought it was not equal come close to the standard of his ulterior work.^[2] He published several sever connections stories in periodicals, which explicit collected in as Twice-Told Tales. The following year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. Take action worked at the Boston Wont House and joined Brook Homestead, a transcendentalist community, before associating Peabody in The couple contrived to The Old Manse quantity Concord, Massachusetts, later moving be acquainted with Salem, the Berkshires, then handle The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published talk to , followed by a progression of other novels. A civil appointment as consul took Writer and family to Europe heretofore their return to Concord contain Hawthorne died on May 19,

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, and spend time at works feature moral metaphors portend an anti-Puritan inspiration. His account works are considered part make famous the Romantic movement and, a cut above specifically, dark romanticism. His themes often center on the embryonic evil and sin of general public, and his works often keep moral messages and deep cerebral complexity. His published works take in novels, short stories, and capital biography of his college contributor Franklin Pierce, written for consummate campaign for President of dignity United States, which Pierce won, becoming the 14th president.

Biography

Early life

Nathaniel Hathorne, as his reputation was originally spelled, was resident on July 4, , insipid Salem, Massachusetts; his birthplace equitable preserved and open to depiction public.^[3] His great-great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne, was a Puritan and rendering first of the family appoint emigrate from England. He fixed in Dorchester, Massachusetts, before affecting to Salem. There he became an important member of nobleness Massachusetts Bay Colony and restricted many political positions, including bailie and judge, becoming infamous storage his harsh sentencing.^[4] William's in concert, Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem witch trials. Hawthorne probably added the "w" to his surname in her highness early twenties, shortly after graduating from college, in an repositioning to dissociate himself from surmount notorious forebears.^[5] Hawthorne's father Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. was a ocean captain who died in adequate yellow fever in Dutch Suriname;^[6] he had been a participant of the East India Maritime Society.^[7] After his death, tiara widow moved with young Nathaniel, his older sister Elizabeth, jaunt their younger sister Louisa on a par with live with relatives named probity Mannings in Salem,^[8] where they lived for 10 years. Juvenile Hawthorne was hit on depiction leg while playing "bat prep added to ball" on November 10, ,^[9] and he became lame put forward bedridden for a year, hunt through several physicians could find fold up wrong with him.^[10]

In the summertime of , the family temporary as boarders with farmers^[12] formerly moving to a home newly built specifically for them incite Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Parliamentarian Manning in Raymond, Maine, nearby Sebago Lake.^[13] Years later, Writer looked back at his pause in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for that lion's share of the country was unbroken then, with only scattered clearings, and nine tenths of expect primeval woods."^[14] In , blooper was sent back to City for school and soon complained of homesickness and being in addition far from his mother boss sisters.^[15] He distributed seven issues of The Spectator to king family in August and Sep for fun. The homemade bat an eyelid was written by hand person in charge included essays, poems, and counsel featuring the young author's junior humor.^[16]

Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted that the boy server college, despite Hawthorne's protests.^[17] Warmth the financial support of top uncle, Hawthorne was sent everywhere Bowdoin College in , quasi- because of family connections snare the area, and also by reason of of its relatively inexpensive teaching rate.^[18] Hawthorne met future presidency Franklin Pierce on the pull out to Bowdoin, at the intensity stop in Portland, and description two became fast friends.^[17] Long ago at the school, he along with met future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge.^[19] He graduated with blue blood the gentry class of , and after described his college experience show to advantage Richard Henry Stoddard:

I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College. I was an idle student, negligent type college rules and the Procrustean details of academic life, in or by comparison choosing to nurse my identifiable fancies than to dig crash into Greek roots and be counted among the learned Thebans.^[20]

Early career

Hawthorne's first published work, Fanshawe: First-class Tale, based on his memoirs at Bowdoin College, appeared anonymously in October , printed take into account the author's own expense reminisce $ Although it received habitually positive reviews, it did plead for sell well. He published indefinite minor pieces in the Salem Gazette.^[23]

In , Hawthorne served orang-utan the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Fun Knowledge. At the time, pacify boarded with poet Thomas Fresh Fessenden on Hancock Street slight Beacon Hill in Boston.^[24] Stylishness was offered an appointment pass for weigher and gauger at greatness Boston Custom House at straighten up salary of $1, a generation, which he accepted on Jan 17, ^[25] During his intention there, he rented a elbowroom from George Stillman Hillard, occupation partner of Charles Sumner.^[26] Author wrote in the comparative gloaming of what he called authority "owl's nest" in the cover home. As he looked withdraw on this period of realm life, he wrote: "I put on not lived, but only dreamed about living."^[27] He contributed little stories to various magazines come first annuals, including "Young Goodman Brown" and "The Minister's Black Veil", though none drew major worry to him. Horatio Bridge offered to cover the risk in this area collecting these stories in distinction spring of into the tome Twice-Told Tales, which made Writer known locally.^[28]

Marriage and family

While watch Bowdoin, Hawthorne wagered a receptacle of Madeira wine with jurisdiction friend Jonathan Cilley that Cilley would get married before Writer did.^[29] By , he esoteric won the bet, but unwind did not remain a immaculate for life. He had hand over flirtations with Mary Silsbee gift Elizabeth Peabody,^[30] then he began pursuing Peabody's sister, the illustrator and transcendentalistSophia Peabody. He one the transcendentalist Utopian community excel Brook Farm in , clump because he agreed with prestige experiment but because it helped him save money to wedlock Sophia.^[31] He paid a $1, deposit and was put weight charge of shoveling the dune of manure referred to tempt "the Gold Mine".^[32] He lefthand later that year, though ruler Brook Farm adventure became veto inspiration for his novel The Blithedale Romance.^[33] Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9, , at a ceremony in honesty Peabody parlor on West Thoroughfare up one`s in Boston.^[34] The couple secretive to The Old Manse operate Concord, Massachusetts,^[35] where they quick for three years. His march Ralph Waldo Emerson invited him into his social circle, nevertheless Hawthorne was almost pathologically withdrawn and stayed silent at gatherings.^[36] At the Old Manse, Author wrote most of the tales collected in Mosses from sketch Old Manse.^[37]

Like Hawthorne, Sophia was a reclusive person. Throughout supplementary early life, she had common migraines and underwent several theoretical medical treatments.^[38] She was for the most part bedridden until her sister alien her to Hawthorne, after which her headaches seem to suppress abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed far-out long and happy marriage. Smartness referred to her as queen "Dove" and wrote that she "is, in the strictest cape, my sole companion; and Hysterical need no other—there is negation vacancy in my mind, blue-collar more than in my thing Thank God that I capacity for her boundless heart!"^[39] Sophia greatly admired her husband's run. She wrote in one rob her journals:

I am on all occasions so dazzled and bewildered strip off the richness, the depth, the&#; jewels of beauty in consummate productions that I am every time looking forward to a subsequent reading where I can mull over and muse and fully help yourself to in the miraculous wealth drug thoughts.^[40]

Poet Ellery Channing came admonition the Old Manse for draw on the first anniversary sunup the Hawthornes' marriage. A go out of business teenager named Martha Hunt locked away drowned herself in the surge and Hawthorne's boat Pond Lily was needed to find deny body. Hawthorne helped recover illustriousness corpse, which he described monkey "a spectacle of such absolute horror&#; She was the excavate image of death-agony".^[41] The bash later inspired a scene accumulate his novel The Blithedale Romance.

The Hawthornes had three breed. Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, ; become known name was a reference end up The Faerie Queene, to interpretation displeasure of family members.^[42] Writer wrote to a friend, "I find it a very temperate and serious kind of advantage that springs from the parturition of a child&#; There practical no escaping it any someone. I have business on rake now, and must look search out me for the means look up to doing it."^[43] In October , the Hawthornes moved to Salem.^[44] In , their son Solon was born. Hawthorne wrote advice his sister Louisa on June 22, "A small troglodyte completed his appearance here at require minutes to six o'clock that morning, who claimed to write down your nephew."^[45] Daughter Rose was born in May , standing Hawthorne called her his "autumnal flower".^[46]

Middle years

In April , Author was officially appointed the Surveyor for the District of City and Beverly and Inspector a choice of the Revenue for the Set free of Salem at an one-year salary of $1,^[47] He esoteric difficulty writing during this generation, as he admitted to Longfellow:

I am trying to carry on my pen&#; Whenever I perch alone, or walk alone, Irrational find myself dreaming about folkloric, as of old; but these forenoons in the Custom Villa undo all that the afternoons and evenings have done. Side-splitting should be happier if Rabid could write.^[48]

This employment, like reward earlier appointment to the the latest house in Boston, was precision to the politics of rank spoils system. Hawthorne was expert Democrat and lost this task due to the change regard administration in Washington after glory presidential election of He wrote a letter of protest bright the Boston Daily Advertiser, which was attacked by the Whigs and supported by the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal a much-talked about event in New England.^[49] He was deeply affected unresponsive to the death of his ormal in late July, calling take in "the darkest hour I astute lived".^[50] He was appointed character corresponding secretary of the City Lyceum in Guests who came to speak that season tendency Emerson, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz, existing Theodore Parker.^[51]

Hawthorne returned to handwriting and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March ,^[52] including uncluttered preface that refers to empress three-year tenure in the Way House and makes several allusions to local politicians—who did mewl appreciate their treatment.^[53] It was one of the first mass-produced books in America, selling 2, volumes within ten days skull earning Hawthorne $1, over 14 years.^[54] The book became straight best-seller in the United States^[55] and initiated his most moneyspinning period as a writer.^[54] Hawthorne's friend Edwin Percy Whipple objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" and its dense psychological trifles, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, near Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical careful his exhibition of them",^[56] time 20th-century writer D.&#;H. Lawrence thought that there could be negation more perfect work of rectitude American imagination than The Blood-red Letter.^[57]

Hawthorne and his family fake to a small red croft die near Lenox, Massachusetts, at probity end of March ^[58] Bankruptcy became friends with Herman A surname e.g. Herman Melville beginning on August 5, , when the authors met cultivate a picnic hosted by dexterous mutual friend.^[59] Melville had steady read Hawthorne's short story hearten Mosses from an Old Manse, and his unsigned review ship the collection was printed pin down The Literary World on Noble 17 and August 24 lordly "Hawthorne and His Mosses".^[60] A surname e.g. Herman Melville wrote that these stories overwhelm a dark side to Author, "shrouded in blackness, ten multiplication black".^[61] He was composing her majesty novel Moby-Dick at the time,^[61] and dedicated the work make a claim to Hawthorne: "In token time off my admiration for his magician, this book is inscribed hold forth Nathaniel Hawthorne."^[62]

Hawthorne's time in nobleness Berkshires was very productive.^[63] Long-standing there, he wrote The Pied-а-terre of the Seven Gables (), which poet and critic Criminal Russell Lowell said was higher quality than The Scarlet Letter extort called "the most valuable impost to New England history dump has been made."^[64] He as well wrote The Blithedale Romance (), his only work written envelop the first person.^[33] He as well published A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys in , organized collection of short stories telling myths that he had antiquated thinking about writing since ^[65] Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing going round that Hawthorne "has suffered undue living in this place".^[66] Picture family enjoyed the scenery exhaust the Berkshires, although Hawthorne frank not enjoy the winters condensation their small house. They weigh up on November 21, ^[63] Writer noted, "I am sick cope with death of Berkshire&#; I keep felt languid and dispirited, close almost my whole residence."^[67]

The Hard shoulder and Europe

In May , picture Hawthornes returned to Concord neighbourhood they lived until July ^[44] In February, they bought Illustriousness Hillside, a home previously settled by Amos Bronson Alcott direct his family, and renamed appreciate The Wayside.^[68] Their neighbors unplanned Concord included Emerson and Orator David Thoreau.^[69] That year, Writer wrote The Life of Printer Pierce, the campaign biography believe his friend, which depicted him as "a man of become calm pursuits".^[70]Horace Mann said, "If powder makes out Pierce to take off a great man or orderly brave man, it will facsimile the greatest work of legend he ever wrote."^[70] In depiction biography, Hawthorne depicts Pierce chimp a statesman and soldier who had accomplished no great feats because of his need nominate make "little noise" and and above "withdrew into the background".^[71] Settle down also left out Pierce's consumption habits, despite rumors of dominion alcoholism,^[72] and emphasized Pierce's notion that slavery could not "be remedied by human contrivances" on the contrary would, over time, "vanish similar a dream".^[73]

With Pierce's election considerably President, Hawthorne was rewarded huddle together with the position of Merged States consul in Liverpool in a moment after the publication of Tanglewood Tales.^[74] The role was accounted the most lucrative foreign assistance position at the time, stated doubtful by Hawthorne's wife as "second in dignity to the Delegation in London".^[75] During this date he and his family momentary in the Rock Park holdings in Rock Ferry in adjourn of the houses directly succeeding to Tranmere Beach on influence Wirral shore of the Stream Mersey.^[76]^[77] Thus to attend sovereignty place of employment at goodness United States consulate in Metropolis, Hawthorne would have been capital regular passenger on the steamboat operated Rock Ferry to Port ferry service departing from righteousness Rock Ferry Slipway at class end of Bedford Road.^[78] Diadem appointment ended in at interpretation close of the Pierce oversight. The Hawthorne family toured Author and Italy until During reward time in Italy, the earlier clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a hirsute mustache.^[79]

The family returned to Significance Wayside in ,^[80] and make certain year saw the publication scope The Marble Faun, his regulate new book in seven years.^[81] Hawthorne admitted that he confidential aged considerably, referring to mortal physically as "wrinkled with time add-on trouble".^[82]

Later years and death

At character outset of the American Laical War, Hawthorne traveled with William D. Ticknor to Washington, D.C., where he met Abraham President and other notable figures. No problem wrote about his experiences put in the bank the essay "Chiefly About Conflict Matters" in

Failing health prevented him from completing several modernize romance novels. Hawthorne was worry from pain in his paunch and insisted on a uplifting trip with his friend Pressman Pierce, though his neighbor Bronson Alcott was concerned that Author was too ill.^[83] While gain a tour of the Waxen Mountains, he died in coronate sleep on May 19, , in Plymouth, New Hampshire. Bayonet sent a telegram to Elizabeth Peabody asking her to tell Mrs. Hawthorne in person. Wife. Hawthorne was too saddened do without the news to handle primacy funeral arrangements herself.^[84] Hawthorne's pin down Julian, a freshman at Altruist College, learned of his father's death the next day; coincidently, he was initiated into glory Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity bad mood the same day by lifetime blindfolded and placed in clean coffin.^[85] Longfellow wrote a acclamation poem to Hawthorne published now called "The Bells of Lynn".^[86] Hawthorne was buried on what is now known as "Authors' Ridge" in Sleepy Hollow Charnel house, Concord, Massachusetts.^[87] Pallbearers included Poet, Emerson, Alcott, Oliver Wendell Geologist Sr., James T. Fields, obscure Edwin Percy Whipple.^[88] Emerson wrote of the funeral: "I solution there was a tragic discussion in the event, that backbone be more fully rendered—in integrity painful solitude of the civil servant, which, I suppose, could rebuff longer be endured, & recognized died of it."^[89]

His wife Sophia and daughter Una were originator buried in England. However, strengthen June , they were reinterred in plots adjacent to Hawthorne.^[90]

Writings

Hawthorne had a particularly close delight with his publishers William Ticknor and James T. Fields.^[92] Writer once told Fields, "I distress signal more for your good say yes than for that of spiffy tidy up host of critics."^[93] In truth, it was Fields who confident Hawthorne to turn The Burnt Letter into a novel in or by comparison than a short story.^[94] Ticknor handled many of Hawthorne's in person matters, including the purchase pounce on cigars, overseeing financial accounts, courier even purchasing clothes.^[95] Ticknor labour with Hawthorne at his auxiliary in Philadelphia in ; according to a friend, Hawthorne was left "apparently dazed".^[96]

Literary style obtain themes

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Hawthorne's works belong to romanticism symbolize, more specifically, dark romanticism,^[97] threatening tales that suggest that evil, sin, and evil are leadership most inherent natural qualities keep in good condition humanity.^[98] Many of his oeuvre are inspired by Puritan Fresh England,^[99] combining historical romance rich with symbolism and deep cerebral themes, bordering on surrealism.^[] Her highness depictions of the past muddle a version of historical tale used only as a means to express common themes draw round ancestral sin, guilt and retribution.^[] His later writings also mention his negative view of honourableness Transcendentalism movement.^[]

Hawthorne was predominantly clean short story writer in fulfil early career. Upon publishing Twice-Told Tales, however, he noted, "I do not think much clutch them," and he expected tiny response from the public.^[] Her highness four major romances were backhand between and The Scarlet Letter (), The House of description Seven Gables (), The Blithedale Romance () and The Relief Faun (). Another novel-length attachment, Fanshawe, was published anonymously predicament Hawthorne defined a romance kind being radically different from clean novel by not being responsible with the possible or apparent course of ordinary experience.^[] Hub the preface to The Demonstrate of the Seven Gables, Writer describes his romance-writing as contemn "atmospherical medium as to stimulate out or mellow the illumination and deepen and enrich depiction shadows of the picture".^[] Rank picture, Daniel Hoffman found, was one of "the primitive energies of fecundity and creation."^[]

Critics control applied feminist perspectives and historicist approaches to Hawthorne's depictions translate women. Feminist scholars are affected particularly in Hester Prynne: they recognize that while she himself could not be the "destined prophetess" of the future, goodness "angel and apostle of decency coming revelation" must nevertheless "be a woman."^[]Camille Paglia saw Hester as mystical, "a wandering celeb still bearing the mark disturb her Asiatic origins&#; moving weak in the magic circle reproach her sexual nature".^[] Lauren Berlant termed Hester "the citizen thanks to woman [personifying] love as on the rocks quality of the body consider it contains the purest light attain nature," her resulting "traitorous state theory" a "Female Symbolic" literalization of futile Puritan metaphors.^[] Historicists view Hester as a protofeminist and avatar of the sovereignty and responsibility that led profit women's suffrage and sometime-reproductive release. Anthony Splendora found her academic genealogy among other archetypally ruinous but redeemed women, both noteworthy and mythic. As examples, good taste offers Psyche of ancient legend; Heloise of twelfth-century France's reverse involving world-renowned philosopher Peter Abelard; Anne Hutchinson (America's first misbeliever, circa ), and Hawthorne parentage friend Margaret Fuller.^[] In Hester's first appearance, Hawthorne likens "infant at her bosom", puzzle out Mary, Mother of Jesus, "the image of Divine Maternity". Occupy her study of Victorian belles-lettres, in which such "galvanic outcasts" as Hester feature prominently, Nina Auerbach went so far primate to name Hester's fall duct subsequent redemption, "the novel's procrastinate unequivocally religious activity".^[] Regarding Hester as a deity figure, Poet A. Powers found in Hester's characterization "the earliest in Denizen fiction that the archetypal Female lead appears quite graphically," like fastidious Goddess "not the wife warm traditional marriage, permanently subject stay with a male overlord"; Powers notorious "her syncretism, her flexibility, haunt inherent ability to alter become calm so avoid the defeat stand for secondary status in a purposeful civilization".^[]

Aside from Hester Prynne, honesty model women of Hawthorne's spanking novels—from Ellen Langton of Fanshawe to Zenobia and Priscilla disregard The Blithedale Romance, Hilda wallet Miriam of The Marble Faun and Phoebe and Hepzibah warning sign The House of the Vii Gables—are more fully realized overrun his male characters, who at bottom orbit them.^[] This observation silt equally true of his short-stories, in which central females save as allegorical figures: Rappaccini's fair but life-altering, garden-bound, daughter; almost-perfect Georgiana of "The Birth-Mark"; grandeur sinned-against (abandoned) Ester of "Ethan Brand"; and goodwife Faith Roast, linchpin of Young Goodman Brown's very belief in God. "My Faith is gone!" Brown exclaims in despair upon seeing crown wife at the Witches' Sabbath.^{[citation needed]} Perhaps the most allembracing statement of Hawthorne's impetus attains from Mark Van Doren: "Somewhere, if not in the Latest England of his time, Writer unearthed the image of a-okay goddess supreme in beauty at an earlier time power."^[]

Hawthorne also wrote nonfiction. Show , the Library of U.s.a. selected Hawthorne's "A show flaxen wax-figures" for inclusion in lecturer two-century retrospective of American Fair Crime.^[]

Critical reception

Hawthorne's writings were petit mal received at the time. Of the time response praised his sentimentality perch moral purity while more up to date evaluations focus on the visionless psychological complexity.^[] Herman Melville wrote a passionate review of Mosses from an Old Manse, called "Hawthorne and His Mosses", unfriendliness that Hawthorne "is one fall foul of the new, and far facilitate generation of your writers." A surname e.g. Herman Melville describes an affinity for Author that would only increase: "I feel that this Hawthorne has dropped germinous seeds into cheap soul. He expands and deepens down, the more I see him; and further, and besides, shoots his strong New-England pedigree into the hot soil signify my Southern soul."^[]Edgar Allan Poet wrote important reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses distance from an Old Manse. Poe's sorting was partly informed by rule contempt for allegory and incorruptible tales, and his chronic accusations of plagiarism, though he admitted:

The style of Mr. Author is purity itself. His character is singularly effective—wild, plaintive, tender, and in full accordance break his themes&#; We look play him as one of description few men of indisputable maestro to whom our country has as yet given birth.^[]

John Neal's magazine The Yankee published primacy first substantial public praise disregard Hawthorne, saying in that description author of Fanshawe has pure "fair prospect of future success."^[]Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a writer keep to a very pleasing fact, now his writing is not useful for anything, and this practical a tribute to the man."^[]Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne problem that he cared for honesty deeper psychology, and that, sediment his way, he tried just now become familiar with it."^[] Lyrist John Greenleaf Whittier wrote put off he admired the "weird most important subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales.^[]Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Writer, "Of the American writers anticipated to live, he is class most original, the one lowest indebted to foreign models respectable literary precedents of any kind."^[]

Beginning in the s, critics accept focused on symbolism and didacticism.^[]

The critic Harold Bloom wrote roam only Henry James and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's position hoot the greatest American novelist, though he admitted that he favourite James as the greatest Land novelist.^[]^[] Bloom saw Hawthorne's focus works to be principally The Scarlet Letter, followed by The Marble Faun and certain little stories, including "My Kinsman, Chief Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop".^[]

Selected works

According to Author scholar Rita K. Gollin, dignity "definitive edition"^[] of Hawthorne's deeds is The Centenary Edition befit the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by William Charvat give orders to others, published by The River State University Press in xxiii volumes between and ^[]Tales prosperous Sketches () was the following volume to be published infant the Library of America, Collected Novels () the tenth.^[]

Novels

Fanshawe (published anonymously, )^[]
The Scarlet Letter, Clever Romance ()
The House of authority Seven Gables, A Romance ()
The Blithedale Romance ()
The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Cards Beni () (as Transformation: Insignificant, The Romance of Monte Beni, UK publication, same year)
The Dolliver Romance () (unfinished)
Septimius Felton; features, the Elixir of Life (unfinished, published in the Atlantic Monthly, )
Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A Romance (unfinished, with preface and get used to by Julian Hawthorne, )

Short tall story collections

Selected short stories

Nonfiction

Life of Historiographer Pierce ()
Our Old Home: Spruce up Series of English Sketches ()
Passages from the English Note-Books ()
Passages from the French and Romance Note-Books ()
Passages from the Indweller Note-Books ()
Twenty Days with Statesman & Little Bunny, a Diary (written , published ), protest excerpt from Passages from justness American Note-Books.

References

Notes

^Who Belongs Add up to Phi Beta KappaArchived January 3, , at the Wayback Killing, Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4,
^Hawthorne, Nathaniel (). Fanshawe. Boston: Marsh & Capen. ISBN&#;.
^Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes promote American Authors. Washington, DC: Ethics Preservation Press, ISBN&#;
^Miller, 20–21
^McFarland, 18
^Wineapple, 20–21
^Edward B. Hungerford (). "Hawthorne Gossips about Salem". New England Quarterly. 6 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
^McFarland, 17
^Miller, 47
^Mellow, 18
^Glassford, Martha Watkins and Pamela Watkins Come up with. Raymond and Casco. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, ISBN&#;
^Mellow, 20
^Miller, 50
^Mellow, 21
^Mellow, 22
^Miller, 57
^ ^a^bEdwards, Musician. "Nathaniel Hawthorne in MaineArchived Dec 28, , at the Wayback Machine", Downeast Magazine,
^Wineapple, 44–45
^Cheever, 99
^Miller, 76
^George Edwin Jepson. "Hawthorne in the Boston Custom House". The Bookman. August
^""Hawthorne kick up a rumpus Salem", North Shore Community College".
^Wineapple, 87–88
^Miller,
^Mellow,
^Letter to Poet, June 4,
^McFarland, 22–23
^Manning Author, "Nathaniel Hawthorne at Bowdoin", The New England Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2 (June ): –
^Cheever,
^McFarland, 83
^Cheever,
^ ^a^bMcFarland,
^Wineapple,
^McFarland, 25
^Schreiner,
^Miller, –
^Mellow, 6–7
^McFarland, 87
^January 14, , Journal recall Sophia Hawthorne. Berg Collection Witness Public Library.
^Schreiner, –
^McFarland, 97
^Schreiner,
^ ^a^bReynolds, 10
^Mellow,
^Miller, –
^Miller,
^Miller,
^Cheever,
^Cheever,
^Miller, –
^Miller,
^Mellow,
^ ^a^bMcFarland,
^Cheever,
^Miller, –
^Miller,
^Miller,
^Cheever, 96
^Miller,
^ ^a^bMellow,
^Mellow,
^ ^a^bWright, John Sound. Hawthorne's Haunts in New England. Charleston, SC: The History Solicit advise, ISBN&#;
^Mellow, –
^Miller,
^Wineapple,
^Wineapple,
^McFarland, –
^McFarland,
^ ^a^bMiller,
^Schreiner, –
^Mellow,
^Miller, –
^McFarland,
^Mellow,
^Urquhart, Shaft (Spring ). "Nathaniel Hawthorne's Dwelling-place in Rock Park". Nathaniel Author Review. 37 (1): – JSTOR&#;/nathhawtrevi Retrieved November 9,
^Shaw, Martyr (). "Nathaniel Hawthorne's House hub Rock Park (Letter dated undulation the Liverpool Mercury)"(PDF). Transactions racket the Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire. 58: – Retrieved November 9,
^"Rock Ferry Slipway". Historic England. June 4, Retrieved November 9,
^McFarland,
^McFarland,
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^Wineapple,
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^Matthews, Ensign (August 15, ). "Nathaniel Hawthorne's Untold Tale". The Chronicle Review. Retrieved August 17,
^Wagenknecht, Prince. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait interpret an American Humanist. New York: Oxford University Press, 9.
^Wilson, Thespian. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14, Eminent Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations –). McFarland & Theatre group, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
^Baker, Carlos. Emerson Among the Eccentrics: A-okay Group Portrait. New York: Scandinavian Press, ISBN&#;X.
^McFarland,
^Mishra, Raja charge Sally Heaney. "Hawthornes to properly reunited", The Boston Globe. June 1, Accessed July 4,
^Gollin, Rita K. Portraits of Nathaniel Hawthorne. DeKalb: Northern Illinois Medical centre Press, ISBN&#;
^Madison, 9
^Miller,
^Charvat, William. Literary Publishing in America: –. Amherst, MA: The University disturb Massachusetts Press, (first published ): ISBN&#;
^Madison, 15
^Miller, –
^Reynolds, David Harsh. Beneath the American Renaissance: Honourableness Subversive Imagination in the Take of Emerson and Melville. Metropolis, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN&#;
^Wayne, Tiffany K. "Nathaniel Hawthorne", Encyclopedia of Transcendentalism. New York: Note down on File, Inc., ISBN&#;
^Bell, Archangel Davitt. Hawthorne and the Real Romance of New England. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN&#;X
^Howe, Magistrate Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, –. New York: Oxford University Impel, ISBN&#;
^Crews, 28–29
^Galens, David, ed. Literary Movements for Students, Vol. 1. Detroit: Thomson Gale, ISBN&#;
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^Splendora, "Psyche and Hester", 2, 5, 18
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^Nelson, Lecherous F. (editor). The Almanac nucleus American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., ISBN&#;X.
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^Woodwell, Roland H. John Greenleaf Whittier: A Biography. Haverhill, Massachusetts: Embark on of the John Greenleaf Poet Homestead,
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